Merge remote-tracking branch 'obsidian/path-info' into ca-drv-exotic

56 files changed, 1439 insertions, 725 deletions

diff --git a/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.cc b/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.cc
index 2d92e1c50..a73b3e8c5 100644
--- a/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.cc
@@ -86,8 +86,7 @@ void BinaryCacheStore::getFile(const std::string & path, Sink & sink)
                 promise.set_exception(std::current_exception());
             }
         }});
-    auto data = promise.get_future().get();
-    sink((unsigned char *) data->data(), data->size());
+    sink(*promise.get_future().get());
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<std::string> BinaryCacheStore::getFile(const std::string & path)
@@ -449,7 +448,9 @@ StorePath BinaryCacheStore::addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s
     if (!repair && isValidPath(path))
         return path;
 
-    auto source = StringSource { s };
+    StringSink sink;
+    dumpString(s, sink);
+    auto source = StringSource { *sink.s };
     return addToStoreCommon(source, repair, CheckSigs, [&](HashResult nar) {
         ValidPathInfo info {
             *this,
@@ -468,6 +469,24 @@ StorePath BinaryCacheStore::addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s
     })->path;
 }
 
+std::optional<const Realisation> BinaryCacheStore::queryRealisation(const DrvOutput & id)
+{
+    auto outputInfoFilePath = realisationsPrefix + "/" + id.to_string() + ".doi";
+    auto rawOutputInfo = getFile(outputInfoFilePath);
+
+    if (rawOutputInfo) {
+        return {Realisation::fromJSON(
+            nlohmann::json::parse(*rawOutputInfo), outputInfoFilePath)};
+    } else {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+
+void BinaryCacheStore::registerDrvOutput(const Realisation& info) {
+    auto filePath = realisationsPrefix + "/" + info.id.to_string() + ".doi";
+    upsertFile(filePath, info.toJSON().dump(), "application/json");
+}
+
 ref<FSAccessor> BinaryCacheStore::getFSAccessor()
 {
     return make_ref<RemoteFSAccessor>(ref<Store>(shared_from_this()), localNarCache);
diff --git a/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.hh b/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.hh
index 5224d7ec8..c2163166c 100644
--- a/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/binary-cache-store.hh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct BinaryCacheStoreConfig : virtual StoreConfig
         "enable multi-threading compression, available for xz only currently"};
 };
 
-class BinaryCacheStore : public Store, public virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig
+class BinaryCacheStore : public virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig, public virtual Store
 {
 
 private:
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ private:
 
 protected:
 
+    // The prefix under which realisation infos will be stored
+    const std::string realisationsPrefix = "/realisations";
+
     BinaryCacheStore(const Params & params);
 
 public:
@@ -99,14 +102,11 @@ public:
     StorePath addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s,
         const StorePathSet & references, RepairFlag repair) override;
 
-    void narFromPath(const StorePath & path, Sink & sink) override;
+    void registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info) override;
 
-    BuildResult buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
-        BuildMode buildMode) override
-    { unsupported("buildDerivation"); }
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput &) override;
 
-    void ensurePath(const StorePath & path) override
-    { unsupported("ensurePath"); }
+    void narFromPath(const StorePath & path, Sink & sink) override;
 
     ref<FSAccessor> getFSAccessor() override;
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
index 74e7f6237..b2265644c 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@
 #define pivot_root(new_root, put_old) (syscall(SYS_pivot_root, new_root, put_old))
 #endif
 
+#if __APPLE__
+#include <spawn.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#endif
+
 #include <pwd.h>
 #include <grp.h>
 
@@ -82,8 +87,8 @@ void handleDiffHook(
                 printError(chomp(diffRes.second));
         } catch (Error & error) {
             ErrorInfo ei = error.info();
-            ei.hint = hintfmt("diff hook execution failed: %s",
-                (error.info().hint.has_value() ? error.info().hint->str() : ""));
+            // FIXME: wrap errors.
+            ei.msg = hintfmt("diff hook execution failed: %s", ei.msg.str());
             logError(ei);
         }
     }
@@ -119,6 +124,17 @@ DerivationGoal::DerivationGoal(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation
     , buildMode(buildMode)
 {
     this->drv = std::make_unique<BasicDerivation>(BasicDerivation(drv));
+
+    auto outputHashes = staticOutputHashes(worker.store, drv);
+    for (auto &[outputName, outputHash] : outputHashes)
+      initialOutputs.insert({
+            outputName,
+            InitialOutput{
+                .wanted = true, // Will be refined later
+                .outputHash = outputHash
+            }
+          });
+
     state = &DerivationGoal::haveDerivation;
     name = fmt(
         "building of '%s' from in-memory derivation",
@@ -231,7 +247,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::getDerivation()
         return;
     }
 
-    addWaitee(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(drvPath));
+    addWaitee(upcast_goal(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(drvPath)));
 
     state = &DerivationGoal::loadDerivation;
 }
@@ -253,8 +269,20 @@ void DerivationGoal::loadDerivation()
 
     assert(worker.store.isValidPath(drvPath));
 
+    auto fullDrv = new Derivation(worker.store.derivationFromPath(drvPath));
+
+    auto outputHashes = staticOutputHashes(worker.store, *fullDrv);
+    for (auto &[outputName, outputHash] : outputHashes)
+      initialOutputs.insert({
+            outputName,
+            InitialOutput{
+                .wanted = true, // Will be refined later
+                .outputHash = outputHash
+            }
+          });
+
     /* Get the derivation. */
-    drv = std::unique_ptr<BasicDerivation>(new Derivation(worker.store.derivationFromPath(drvPath)));
+    drv = std::unique_ptr<BasicDerivation>(fullDrv);
 
     haveDerivation();
 }
@@ -304,10 +332,10 @@ void DerivationGoal::haveDerivation()
                 /* Nothing to wait for; tail call */
                 return DerivationGoal::gaveUpOnSubstitution();
             }
-            addWaitee(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(
+            addWaitee(upcast_goal(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(
                 status.known->path,
                 buildMode == bmRepair ? Repair : NoRepair,
-                getDerivationCA(*drv)));
+                getDerivationCA(*drv))));
         }
 
     if (waitees.empty()) /* to prevent hang (no wake-up event) */
@@ -330,8 +358,13 @@ void DerivationGoal::outputsSubstitutionTried()
 
     /*  If the substitutes form an incomplete closure, then we should
         build the dependencies of this derivation, but after that, we
-        can still use the substitutes for this derivation itself. */
-    if (nrIncompleteClosure > 0) retrySubstitution = true;
+        can still use the substitutes for this derivation itself.
+
+        If the nrIncompleteClosure != nrFailed, we have another issue as well.
+        In particular, it may be the case that the hole in the closure is
+        an output of the current derivation, which causes a loop if retried.
+     */
+    if (nrIncompleteClosure > 0 && nrIncompleteClosure == nrFailed) retrySubstitution = true;
 
     nrFailed = nrNoSubstituters = nrIncompleteClosure = 0;
 
@@ -383,7 +416,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::gaveUpOnSubstitution()
         if (!settings.useSubstitutes)
             throw Error("dependency '%s' of '%s' does not exist, and substitution is disabled",
                 worker.store.printStorePath(i), worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
-        addWaitee(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(i));
+        addWaitee(upcast_goal(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(i)));
     }
 
     if (waitees.empty()) /* to prevent hang (no wake-up event) */
@@ -429,15 +462,12 @@ void DerivationGoal::repairClosure()
     /* Check each path (slow!). */
     for (auto & i : outputClosure) {
         if (worker.pathContentsGood(i)) continue;
-        logError({
-            .name = "Corrupt path in closure",
-            .hint = hintfmt(
-                "found corrupted or missing path '%s' in the output closure of '%s'",
-                worker.store.printStorePath(i), worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath))
-        });
+        printError(
+            "found corrupted or missing path '%s' in the output closure of '%s'",
+            worker.store.printStorePath(i), worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
         auto drvPath2 = outputsToDrv.find(i);
         if (drvPath2 == outputsToDrv.end())
-            addWaitee(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(i, Repair));
+            addWaitee(upcast_goal(worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(i, Repair)));
         else
             addWaitee(worker.makeDerivationGoal(drvPath2->second, StringSet(), bmRepair));
     }
@@ -488,7 +518,9 @@ void DerivationGoal::inputsRealised()
     if (useDerivation) {
         auto & fullDrv = *dynamic_cast<Derivation *>(drv.get());
 
-        if (!fullDrv.inputDrvs.empty() && fullDrv.type() == DerivationType::CAFloating) {
+        if (settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations") &&
+            ((!fullDrv.inputDrvs.empty() && derivationIsCA(fullDrv.type()))
+            || fullDrv.type() == DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed)) {
             /* We are be able to resolve this derivation based on the
                now-known results of dependencies. If so, we become a stub goal
                aliasing that resolved derivation goal */
@@ -497,9 +529,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::inputsRealised()
             Derivation drvResolved { *std::move(attempt) };
 
             auto pathResolved = writeDerivation(worker.store, drvResolved);
-            /* Add to memotable to speed up downstream goal's queries with the
-               original derivation. */
-            drvPathResolutions.lock()->insert_or_assign(drvPath, pathResolved);
+            resolvedDrv = drvResolved;
 
             auto msg = fmt("Resolved derivation: '%s' -> '%s'",
                 worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath),
@@ -530,12 +560,12 @@ void DerivationGoal::inputsRealised()
                     if (!optRealizedInput)
                         throw Error(
                             "derivation '%s' requires output '%s' from input derivation '%s', which is supposedly realized already, yet we still don't know what path corresponds to that output",
-                            worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath), j, worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
+                            worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath), j, worker.store.printStorePath(depDrvPath));
                     worker.store.computeFSClosure(*optRealizedInput, inputPaths);
                 } else
                     throw Error(
                         "derivation '%s' requires non-existent output '%s' from input derivation '%s'",
-                        worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath), j, worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
+                        worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath), j, worker.store.printStorePath(depDrvPath));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -588,9 +618,17 @@ void DerivationGoal::tryToBuild()
     PathSet lockFiles;
     /* FIXME: Should lock something like the drv itself so we don't build same
        CA drv concurrently */
-    for (auto & i : drv->outputsAndOptPaths(worker.store))
-        if (i.second.second)
-            lockFiles.insert(worker.store.Store::toRealPath(*i.second.second));
+    if (dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store))
+        /* If we aren't a local store, we might need to use the local store as
+           a build remote, but that would cause a deadlock. */
+        /* FIXME: Make it so we can use ourselves as a build remote even if we
+           are the local store (separate locking for building vs scheduling? */
+        /* FIXME: find some way to lock for scheduling for the other stores so
+           a forking daemon with --store still won't farm out redundant builds.
+           */
+        for (auto & i : drv->outputsAndOptPaths(worker.store))
+            if (i.second.second)
+                lockFiles.insert(worker.store.Store::toRealPath(*i.second.second));
 
     if (!outputLocks.lockPaths(lockFiles, "", false)) {
         if (!actLock)
@@ -671,13 +709,15 @@ void DerivationGoal::tryToBuild()
 }
 
 void DerivationGoal::tryLocalBuild() {
-    bool buildLocally = buildMode != bmNormal || parsedDrv->willBuildLocally(worker.store);
-
-    /* Make sure that we are allowed to start a build.  If this
-       derivation prefers to be done locally, do it even if
-       maxBuildJobs is 0. */
+    /* Make sure that we are allowed to start a build. */
+    if (!dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store)) {
+        throw Error(
+            "unable to build with a primary store that isn't a local store; "
+            "either pass a different '--store' or enable remote builds."
+            "\nhttps://nixos.org/nix/manual/#chap-distributed-builds");
+    }
     unsigned int curBuilds = worker.getNrLocalBuilds();
-    if (curBuilds >= settings.maxBuildJobs && !(buildLocally && curBuilds == 0)) {
+    if (curBuilds >= settings.maxBuildJobs) {
         worker.waitForBuildSlot(shared_from_this());
         outputLocks.unlock();
         return;
@@ -844,14 +884,16 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
                So instead, check if the disk is (nearly) full now.  If
                so, we don't mark this build as a permanent failure. */
 #if HAVE_STATVFS
-            uint64_t required = 8ULL * 1024 * 1024; // FIXME: make configurable
-            struct statvfs st;
-            if (statvfs(worker.store.realStoreDir.c_str(), &st) == 0 &&
-                (uint64_t) st.f_bavail * st.f_bsize < required)
-                diskFull = true;
-            if (statvfs(tmpDir.c_str(), &st) == 0 &&
-                (uint64_t) st.f_bavail * st.f_bsize < required)
-                diskFull = true;
+            if (auto localStore = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store)) {
+                uint64_t required = 8ULL * 1024 * 1024; // FIXME: make configurable
+                struct statvfs st;
+                if (statvfs(localStore->realStoreDir.c_str(), &st) == 0 &&
+                    (uint64_t) st.f_bavail * st.f_bsize < required)
+                    diskFull = true;
+                if (statvfs(tmpDir.c_str(), &st) == 0 &&
+                    (uint64_t) st.f_bavail * st.f_bsize < required)
+                    diskFull = true;
+            }
 #endif
 
             deleteTmpDir(false);
@@ -872,9 +914,14 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
                 statusToString(status));
 
             if (!logger->isVerbose() && !logTail.empty()) {
-                msg += (format("; last %d log lines:") % logTail.size()).str();
-                for (auto & line : logTail)
-                    msg += "\n  " + line;
+                msg += fmt(";\nlast %d log lines:\n", logTail.size());
+                for (auto & line : logTail) {
+                    msg += "> ";
+                    msg += line;
+                    msg += "\n";
+                }
+                msg += fmt("For full logs, run '" ANSI_BOLD "nix log %s" ANSI_NORMAL "'.",
+                    worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
             }
 
             if (diskFull)
@@ -910,10 +957,8 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
 
                 LogSink(Activity & act) : act(act) { }
 
-                void operator() (const unsigned char * data, size_t len) override {
-                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-                        auto c = data[i];
-
+                void operator() (std::string_view data) override {
+                    for (auto c : data) {
                         if (c == '\n') {
                             flushLine();
                         } else {
@@ -998,7 +1043,37 @@ void DerivationGoal::buildDone()
 }
 
 void DerivationGoal::resolvedFinished() {
-    done(BuildResult::Built);
+    assert(resolvedDrv);
+
+    auto resolvedHashes = staticOutputHashes(worker.store, *resolvedDrv);
+
+    // `wantedOutputs` might be empty, which means “all the outputs”
+    auto realWantedOutputs = wantedOutputs;
+    if (realWantedOutputs.empty())
+        realWantedOutputs = resolvedDrv->outputNames();
+
+    for (auto & wantedOutput : realWantedOutputs) {
+        assert(initialOutputs.count(wantedOutput) != 0);
+        assert(resolvedHashes.count(wantedOutput) != 0);
+        auto realisation = worker.store.queryRealisation(
+                DrvOutput{resolvedHashes.at(wantedOutput), wantedOutput}
+        );
+        // We've just built it, but maybe the build failed, in which case the
+        // realisation won't be there
+        if (realisation) {
+            auto newRealisation = *realisation;
+            newRealisation.id = DrvOutput{initialOutputs.at(wantedOutput).outputHash, wantedOutput};
+            worker.store.registerDrvOutput(newRealisation);
+        } else {
+            // If we don't have a realisation, then it must mean that something
+            // failed when building the resolved drv
+            assert(!result.success());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This is potentially a bit fishy in terms of error reporting. Not sure
+    // how to do it in a cleaner way
+    amDone(nrFailed == 0 ? ecSuccess : ecFailed, ex);
 }
 
 HookReply DerivationGoal::tryBuildHook()
@@ -1023,7 +1098,14 @@ HookReply DerivationGoal::tryBuildHook()
            whether the hook wishes to perform the build. */
         string reply;
         while (true) {
-            string s = readLine(worker.hook->fromHook.readSide.get());
+            auto s = [&]() {
+                try {
+                    return readLine(worker.hook->fromHook.readSide.get());
+                } catch (Error & e) {
+                    e.addTrace({}, "while reading the response from the build hook");
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }();
             if (handleJSONLogMessage(s, worker.act, worker.hook->activities, true))
                 ;
             else if (string(s, 0, 2) == "# ") {
@@ -1052,12 +1134,9 @@ HookReply DerivationGoal::tryBuildHook()
 
     } catch (SysError & e) {
         if (e.errNo == EPIPE) {
-            logError({
-                .name = "Build hook died",
-                .hint = hintfmt(
-                    "build hook died unexpectedly: %s",
-                    chomp(drainFD(worker.hook->fromHook.readSide.get())))
-            });
+            printError(
+                "build hook died unexpectedly: %s",
+                chomp(drainFD(worker.hook->fromHook.readSide.get())));
             worker.hook = 0;
             return rpDecline;
         } else
@@ -1066,7 +1145,12 @@ HookReply DerivationGoal::tryBuildHook()
 
     hook = std::move(worker.hook);
 
-    machineName = readLine(hook->fromHook.readSide.get());
+    try {
+        machineName = readLine(hook->fromHook.readSide.get());
+    } catch (Error & e) {
+        e.addTrace({}, "while reading the machine name from the build hook");
+        throw e;
+    }
 
     /* Tell the hook all the inputs that have to be copied to the
        remote system. */
@@ -1213,12 +1297,15 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
             useChroot = !(derivationIsImpure(derivationType)) && !noChroot;
     }
 
-    if (worker.store.storeDir != worker.store.realStoreDir) {
-        #if __linux__
-            useChroot = true;
-        #else
-            throw Error("building using a diverted store is not supported on this platform");
-        #endif
+    if (auto localStoreP = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store)) {
+        auto & localStore = *localStoreP;
+        if (localStore.storeDir != localStore.realStoreDir) {
+            #if __linux__
+                useChroot = true;
+            #else
+                throw Error("building using a diverted store is not supported on this platform");
+            #endif
+        }
     }
 
     /* Create a temporary directory where the build will take
@@ -1326,13 +1413,9 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
 
         /* Allow a user-configurable set of directories from the
            host file system. */
-        PathSet dirs = settings.sandboxPaths;
-        PathSet dirs2 = settings.extraSandboxPaths;
-        dirs.insert(dirs2.begin(), dirs2.end());
-
         dirsInChroot.clear();
 
-        for (auto i : dirs) {
+        for (auto i : settings.sandboxPaths.get()) {
             if (i.empty()) continue;
             bool optional = false;
             if (i[i.size() - 1] == '?') {
@@ -1420,12 +1503,6 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
            Samba-in-QEMU. */
         createDirs(chrootRootDir + "/etc");
 
-        writeFile(chrootRootDir + "/etc/passwd", fmt(
-                "root:x:0:0:Nix build user:%3%:/noshell\n"
-                "nixbld:x:%1%:%2%:Nix build user:%3%:/noshell\n"
-                "nobody:x:65534:65534:Nobody:/:/noshell\n",
-                sandboxUid(), sandboxGid(), settings.sandboxBuildDir));
-
         /* Declare the build user's group so that programs get a consistent
            view of the system (e.g., "id -gn"). */
         writeFile(chrootRootDir + "/etc/group",
@@ -1703,12 +1780,10 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
             userNamespaceSync.writeSide = -1;
         });
 
-        pid_t tmp;
         auto ss = tokenizeString<std::vector<std::string>>(readLine(builderOut.readSide.get()));
         assert(ss.size() == 2);
         usingUserNamespace = ss[0] == "1";
-        if (!string2Int<pid_t>(ss[1], tmp)) abort();
-        pid = tmp;
+        pid = string2Int<pid_t>(ss[1]).value();
 
         if (usingUserNamespace) {
             /* Set the UID/GID mapping of the builder's user namespace
@@ -1730,6 +1805,14 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
                 throw Error("cannot perform a sandboxed build because user namespaces are not enabled; check /proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces");
         }
 
+        /* Now that we now the sandbox uid, we can write
+           /etc/passwd. */
+        writeFile(chrootRootDir + "/etc/passwd", fmt(
+                "root:x:0:0:Nix build user:%3%:/noshell\n"
+                "nixbld:x:%1%:%2%:Nix build user:%3%:/noshell\n"
+                "nobody:x:65534:65534:Nobody:/:/noshell\n",
+                sandboxUid(), sandboxGid(), settings.sandboxBuildDir));
+
         /* Save the mount namespace of the child. We have to do this
            *before* the child does a chroot. */
         sandboxMountNamespace = open(fmt("/proc/%d/ns/mnt", (pid_t) pid).c_str(), O_RDONLY);
@@ -1755,8 +1838,17 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
     worker.childStarted(shared_from_this(), {builderOut.readSide.get()}, true, true);
 
     /* Check if setting up the build environment failed. */
+    std::vector<std::string> msgs;
     while (true) {
-        string msg = readLine(builderOut.readSide.get());
+        string msg = [&]() {
+            try {
+                return readLine(builderOut.readSide.get());
+            } catch (Error & e) {
+                e.addTrace({}, "while waiting for the build environment to initialize (previous messages: %s)",
+                    concatStringsSep("|", msgs));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }();
         if (string(msg, 0, 1) == "\2") break;
         if (string(msg, 0, 1) == "\1") {
             FdSource source(builderOut.readSide.get());
@@ -1765,6 +1857,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::startBuilder()
             throw ex;
         }
         debug("sandbox setup: " + msg);
+        msgs.push_back(std::move(msg));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1985,7 +2078,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::writeStructuredAttrs()
     chownToBuilder(tmpDir + "/.attrs.sh");
 }
 
-struct RestrictedStoreConfig : LocalFSStoreConfig
+struct RestrictedStoreConfig : virtual LocalFSStoreConfig
 {
     using LocalFSStoreConfig::LocalFSStoreConfig;
     const std::string name() { return "Restricted Store"; }
@@ -1994,14 +2087,19 @@ struct RestrictedStoreConfig : LocalFSStoreConfig
 /* A wrapper around LocalStore that only allows building/querying of
    paths that are in the input closures of the build or were added via
    recursive Nix calls. */
-struct RestrictedStore : public LocalFSStore, public virtual RestrictedStoreConfig
+struct RestrictedStore : public virtual RestrictedStoreConfig, public virtual LocalFSStore
 {
     ref<LocalStore> next;
 
     DerivationGoal & goal;
 
     RestrictedStore(const Params & params, ref<LocalStore> next, DerivationGoal & goal)
-        : StoreConfig(params), Store(params), LocalFSStore(params), next(next), goal(goal)
+        : StoreConfig(params)
+        , LocalFSStoreConfig(params)
+        , RestrictedStoreConfig(params)
+        , Store(params)
+        , LocalFSStore(params)
+        , next(next), goal(goal)
     { }
 
     Path getRealStoreDir() override
@@ -2070,6 +2168,14 @@ struct RestrictedStore : public LocalFSStore, public virtual RestrictedStoreConf
         return path;
     }
 
+    StorePath addToStoreFromDump(Source & dump, const string & name,
+        FileIngestionMethod method = FileIngestionMethod::Recursive, HashType hashAlgo = htSHA256, RepairFlag repair = NoRepair) override
+    {
+        auto path = next->addToStoreFromDump(dump, name, method, hashAlgo, repair);
+        goal.addDependency(path);
+        return path;
+    }
+
     void narFromPath(const StorePath & path, Sink & sink) override
     {
         if (!goal.isAllowed(path))
@@ -2084,6 +2190,16 @@ struct RestrictedStore : public LocalFSStore, public virtual RestrictedStoreConf
         /* Nothing to be done; 'path' must already be valid. */
     }
 
+    void registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info) override
+    // XXX: This should probably be allowed as a no-op if the realisation
+    // corresponds to an allowed derivation
+    { throw Error("registerDrvOutput"); }
+
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput & id) override
+    // XXX: This should probably be allowed if the realisation corresponds to
+    // an allowed derivation
+    { throw Error("queryRealisation"); }
+
     void buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & paths, BuildMode buildMode) override
     {
         if (buildMode != bmNormal) throw Error("unsupported build mode");
@@ -2159,7 +2275,8 @@ void DerivationGoal::startDaemon()
     Store::Params params;
     params["path-info-cache-size"] = "0";
     params["store"] = worker.store.storeDir;
-    params["root"] = worker.store.rootDir;
+    if (auto localStore = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store))
+        params["root"] = localStore->rootDir;
     params["state"] = "/no-such-path";
     params["log"] = "/no-such-path";
     auto store = make_ref<RestrictedStore>(params,
@@ -2834,7 +2951,31 @@ void DerivationGoal::runChild()
             }
         }
 
+#if __APPLE__
+        posix_spawnattr_t attrp;
+
+        if (posix_spawnattr_init(&attrp))
+            throw SysError("failed to initialize builder");
+
+        if (posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attrp, POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC))
+            throw SysError("failed to initialize builder");
+
+        if (drv->platform == "aarch64-darwin") {
+            // Unset kern.curproc_arch_affinity so we can escape Rosetta
+            int affinity = 0;
+            sysctlbyname("kern.curproc_arch_affinity", NULL, NULL, &affinity, sizeof(affinity));
+
+            cpu_type_t cpu = CPU_TYPE_ARM64;
+            posix_spawnattr_setbinpref_np(&attrp, 1, &cpu, NULL);
+        } else if (drv->platform == "x86_64-darwin") {
+            cpu_type_t cpu = CPU_TYPE_X86_64;
+            posix_spawnattr_setbinpref_np(&attrp, 1, &cpu, NULL);
+        }
+
+        posix_spawn(NULL, builder, NULL, &attrp, stringsToCharPtrs(args).data(), stringsToCharPtrs(envStrs).data());
+#else
         execve(builder, stringsToCharPtrs(args).data(), stringsToCharPtrs(envStrs).data());
+#endif
 
         throw SysError("executing '%1%'", drv->builder);
 
@@ -2862,6 +3003,8 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
         for (auto & i : drv->outputsAndOptPaths(worker.store)) {
             if (!i.second.second || !worker.store.isValidPath(*i.second.second))
                 allValid = false;
+            else
+                finalOutputs.insert_or_assign(i.first, *i.second.second);
         }
         if (allValid) return;
     }
@@ -3020,10 +3163,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
         auto rewriteOutput = [&]() {
             /* Apply hash rewriting if necessary. */
             if (!outputRewrites.empty()) {
-                logWarning({
-                    .name = "Rewriting hashes",
-                    .hint = hintfmt("rewriting hashes in '%1%'; cross fingers", actualPath),
-                });
+                warn("rewriting hashes in '%1%'; cross fingers", actualPath);
 
                 /* FIXME: this is in-memory. */
                 StringSink sink;
@@ -3111,6 +3251,20 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
                 narHashAndSize.first,
             };
             newInfo0.narSize = narHashAndSize.second;
+            if (scratchPath != newInfo0.path) {
+                // Also rewrite the output path
+                auto source = sinkToSource([&](Sink & nextSink) {
+                    StringSink sink;
+                    dumpPath(actualPath, sink);
+                    RewritingSink rsink2(oldHashPart, std::string(newInfo0.path.hashPart()), nextSink);
+                    rsink2(*sink.s);
+                    rsink2.flush();
+                });
+                Path tmpPath = actualPath + ".tmp";
+                restorePath(tmpPath, *source);
+                deletePath(actualPath);
+                movePath(tmpPath, actualPath);
+            }
 
             assert(newInfo0.ca);
             return newInfo0;
@@ -3149,7 +3303,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
                        valid. */
                     worker.hashMismatch = true;
                     delayedException = std::make_exception_ptr(
-                        BuildError("hash mismatch in fixed-output derivation '%s':\n  wanted: %s\n  got:    %s",
+                        BuildError("hash mismatch in fixed-output derivation '%s':\n  specified: %s\n     got:    %s",
                             worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath),
                             wanted.to_string(SRI, true),
                             got.to_string(SRI, true)));
@@ -3164,6 +3318,15 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
             [&](DerivationOutputCAFloating dof) {
                 return newInfoFromCA(dof);
             },
+                [&](DerivationOutputDeferred) {
+                // No derivation should reach that point without having been
+                // rewritten first
+                assert(false);
+                // Ugly, but the compiler insists on having this return a value
+                // of type `ValidPathInfo` despite the `assert(false)`, so
+                // let's provide it
+                return *(ValidPathInfo*)0;
+            },
         }, output.output);
 
         /* Calculate where we'll move the output files. In the checking case we
@@ -3203,7 +3366,13 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
             }
         }
 
+        auto localStoreP = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store);
+        if (!localStoreP)
+            throw Unsupported("can only register outputs with local store, but this is %s", worker.store.getUri());
+        auto & localStore = *localStoreP;
+
         if (buildMode == bmCheck) {
+
             if (!worker.store.isValidPath(newInfo.path)) continue;
             ValidPathInfo oldInfo(*worker.store.queryPathInfo(newInfo.path));
             if (newInfo.narHash != oldInfo.narHash) {
@@ -3228,8 +3397,8 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
             /* Since we verified the build, it's now ultimately trusted. */
             if (!oldInfo.ultimate) {
                 oldInfo.ultimate = true;
-                worker.store.signPathInfo(oldInfo);
-                worker.store.registerValidPaths({ std::move(oldInfo) });
+                localStore.signPathInfo(oldInfo);
+                localStore.registerValidPaths({{oldInfo.path, oldInfo}});
             }
 
             continue;
@@ -3245,13 +3414,13 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
         }
 
         if (curRound == nrRounds) {
-            worker.store.optimisePath(actualPath); // FIXME: combine with scanForReferences()
+            localStore.optimisePath(actualPath); // FIXME: combine with scanForReferences()
             worker.markContentsGood(newInfo.path);
         }
 
         newInfo.deriver = drvPath;
         newInfo.ultimate = true;
-        worker.store.signPathInfo(newInfo);
+        localStore.signPathInfo(newInfo);
 
         finish(newInfo.path);
 
@@ -3259,7 +3428,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
            isn't statically known so that we can safely unlock the path before
            the next iteration */
         if (newInfo.ca)
-            worker.store.registerValidPaths({newInfo});
+            localStore.registerValidPaths({{newInfo.path, newInfo}});
 
         infos.emplace(outputName, std::move(newInfo));
     }
@@ -3293,10 +3462,7 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
                 if (settings.enforceDeterminism)
                     throw NotDeterministic(hint);
 
-                logError({
-                    .name = "Output determinism error",
-                    .hint = hint
-                });
+                printError(hint);
 
                 curRound = nrRounds; // we know enough, bail out early
             }
@@ -3332,11 +3498,16 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
        paths referenced by each of them.  If there are cycles in the
        outputs, this will fail. */
     {
+        auto localStoreP = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store);
+        if (!localStoreP)
+            throw Unsupported("can only register outputs with local store, but this is %s", worker.store.getUri());
+        auto & localStore = *localStoreP;
+
         ValidPathInfos infos2;
         for (auto & [outputName, newInfo] : infos) {
-            infos2.push_back(newInfo);
+            infos2.insert_or_assign(newInfo.path, newInfo);
         }
-        worker.store.registerValidPaths(infos2);
+        localStore.registerValidPaths(infos2);
     }
 
     /* In case of a fixed-output derivation hash mismatch, throw an
@@ -3349,21 +3520,14 @@ void DerivationGoal::registerOutputs()
        means it's safe to link the derivation to the output hash. We must do
        that for floating CA derivations, which otherwise couldn't be cached,
        but it's fine to do in all cases. */
-    bool isCaFloating = drv->type() == DerivationType::CAFloating;
 
-    auto drvPathResolved = drvPath;
-    if (!useDerivation && isCaFloating) {
-        /* Once a floating CA derivations reaches this point, it
-           must already be resolved, so we don't bother trying to
-           downcast drv to get would would just be an empty
-           inputDrvs field. */
-        Derivation drv2 { *drv };
-        drvPathResolved = writeDerivation(worker.store, drv2);
+    if (settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations")) {
+        auto outputHashes = staticOutputHashes(worker.store, *drv);
+        for (auto& [outputName, newInfo] : infos)
+            worker.store.registerDrvOutput(Realisation{
+                .id = DrvOutput{outputHashes.at(outputName), outputName},
+                .outPath = newInfo.path});
     }
-
-    if (useDerivation || isCaFloating)
-        for (auto & [outputName, newInfo] : infos)
-            worker.store.linkDeriverToPath(drvPathResolved, outputName, newInfo.path);
 }
 
 
@@ -3541,7 +3705,12 @@ Path DerivationGoal::openLogFile()
     auto baseName = std::string(baseNameOf(worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath)));
 
     /* Create a log file. */
-    Path dir = fmt("%s/%s/%s/", worker.store.logDir, worker.store.drvsLogDir, string(baseName, 0, 2));
+    Path logDir;
+    if (auto localStore = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&worker.store))
+        logDir = localStore->logDir;
+    else
+        logDir = settings.nixLogDir;
+    Path dir = fmt("%s/%s/%s/", logDir, LocalFSStore::drvsLogDir, string(baseName, 0, 2));
     createDirs(dir);
 
     Path logFileName = fmt("%s/%s%s", dir, string(baseName, 2),
@@ -3680,9 +3849,8 @@ void DerivationGoal::checkPathValidity()
 {
     bool checkHash = buildMode == bmRepair;
     for (auto & i : queryPartialDerivationOutputMap()) {
-        InitialOutput info {
-            .wanted = wantOutput(i.first, wantedOutputs),
-        };
+        InitialOutput & info = initialOutputs.at(i.first);
+        info.wanted = wantOutput(i.first, wantedOutputs);
         if (i.second) {
             auto outputPath = *i.second;
             info.known = {
@@ -3694,7 +3862,15 @@ void DerivationGoal::checkPathValidity()
                     : PathStatus::Corrupt,
             };
         }
-        initialOutputs.insert_or_assign(i.first, info);
+        if (settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations")) {
+            if (auto real = worker.store.queryRealisation(
+                    DrvOutput{initialOutputs.at(i.first).outputHash, i.first})) {
+                info.known = {
+                    .path = real->outPath,
+                    .status = PathStatus::Valid,
+                };
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.hh b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.hh
index 4976207e0..761100d3a 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.hh
@@ -37,18 +37,21 @@ struct InitialOutputStatus {
 
 struct InitialOutput {
     bool wanted;
+    Hash outputHash;
     std::optional<InitialOutputStatus> known;
 };
 
-class DerivationGoal : public Goal
+struct DerivationGoal : public Goal
 {
-private:
     /* Whether to use an on-disk .drv file. */
     bool useDerivation;
 
     /* The path of the derivation. */
     StorePath drvPath;
 
+    /* The path of the corresponding resolved derivation */
+    std::optional<BasicDerivation> resolvedDrv;
+
     /* The specific outputs that we need to build.  Empty means all of
        them. */
     StringSet wantedOutputs;
@@ -246,7 +249,6 @@ private:
 
     friend struct RestrictedStore;
 
-public:
     DerivationGoal(const StorePath & drvPath,
         const StringSet & wantedOutputs, Worker & worker,
         BuildMode buildMode = bmNormal);
@@ -264,17 +266,11 @@ public:
 
     void work() override;
 
-    StorePath getDrvPath()
-    {
-        return drvPath;
-    }
-
     /* Add wanted outputs to an already existing derivation goal. */
     void addWantedOutputs(const StringSet & outputs);
 
     BuildResult getResult() { return result; }
 
-private:
     /* The states. */
     void getDerivation();
     void loadDerivation();
@@ -318,8 +314,6 @@ private:
     /* Run the builder's process. */
     void runChild();
 
-    friend int childEntry(void *);
-
     /* Check that the derivation outputs all exist and register them
        as valid. */
     void registerOutputs();
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/local-store-build.cc b/src/libstore/build/entry-points.cc
index a05fb5805..9f97d40ba 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/local-store-build.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/entry-points.cc
@@ -5,25 +5,10 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-static void primeCache(Store & store, const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & paths)
-{
-    StorePathSet willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown;
-    uint64_t downloadSize, narSize;
-    store.queryMissing(paths, willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown, downloadSize, narSize);
-
-    if (!willBuild.empty() && 0 == settings.maxBuildJobs && getMachines().empty())
-        throw Error(
-            "%d derivations need to be built, but neither local builds ('--max-jobs') "
-            "nor remote builds ('--builders') are enabled", willBuild.size());
-}
-
-
-void LocalStore::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & drvPaths, BuildMode buildMode)
+void Store::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & drvPaths, BuildMode buildMode)
 {
     Worker worker(*this);
 
-    primeCache(*this, drvPaths);
-
     Goals goals;
     for (auto & path : drvPaths) {
         if (path.path.isDerivation())
@@ -44,9 +29,8 @@ void LocalStore::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & drvPaths,
                 ex = i->ex;
         }
         if (i->exitCode != Goal::ecSuccess) {
-            DerivationGoal * i2 = dynamic_cast<DerivationGoal *>(i.get());
-            if (i2) failed.insert(i2->getDrvPath());
-            else failed.insert(dynamic_cast<SubstitutionGoal *>(i.get())->getStorePath());
+            if (auto i2 = dynamic_cast<DerivationGoal *>(i.get())) failed.insert(i2->drvPath);
+            else if (auto i2 = dynamic_cast<SubstitutionGoal *>(i.get())) failed.insert(i2->storePath);
         }
     }
 
@@ -59,7 +43,7 @@ void LocalStore::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & drvPaths,
     }
 }
 
-BuildResult LocalStore::buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
+BuildResult Store::buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
     BuildMode buildMode)
 {
     Worker worker(*this);
@@ -79,13 +63,11 @@ BuildResult LocalStore::buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDe
 }
 
 
-void LocalStore::ensurePath(const StorePath & path)
+void Store::ensurePath(const StorePath & path)
 {
     /* If the path is already valid, we're done. */
     if (isValidPath(path)) return;
 
-    primeCache(*this, {{path}});
-
     Worker worker(*this);
     GoalPtr goal = worker.makeSubstitutionGoal(path);
     Goals goals = {goal};
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/goal.hh b/src/libstore/build/goal.hh
index 360c160ce..fca4f2d00 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/goal.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/build/goal.hh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace nix {
 
 /* Forward definition. */
 struct Goal;
-struct Worker;
+class Worker;
 
 /* A pointer to a goal. */
 typedef std::shared_ptr<Goal> GoalPtr;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct Goal : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Goal>
     unsigned int nrNoSubstituters;
 
     /* Number of substitution goals we are/were waiting for that
-       failed because othey had unsubstitutable references. */
+       failed because they had unsubstitutable references. */
     unsigned int nrIncompleteClosure;
 
     /* Name of this goal for debugging purposes. */
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.cc b/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.cc
index 611491dca..ac646c3a5 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.cc
@@ -145,15 +145,10 @@ void SubstitutionGoal::tryNext()
     /* Bail out early if this substituter lacks a valid
        signature. LocalStore::addToStore() also checks for this, but
        only after we've downloaded the path. */
-    if (worker.store.requireSigs
-        && !sub->isTrusted
-        && !info->checkSignatures(worker.store, worker.store.getPublicKeys()))
+    if (!sub->isTrusted && worker.store.pathInfoIsTrusted(*info))
     {
-        logWarning({
-            .name = "Invalid path signature",
-            .hint = hintfmt("substituter '%s' does not have a valid signature for path '%s'",
-                sub->getUri(), worker.store.printStorePath(storePath))
-        });
+        warn("substituter '%s' does not have a valid signature for path '%s'",
+            sub->getUri(), worker.store.printStorePath(storePath));
         tryNext();
         return;
     }
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.hh b/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.hh
index 3ae9a9e6b..dee2cecbf 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/build/substitution-goal.hh
@@ -8,11 +8,8 @@ namespace nix {
 
 class Worker;
 
-class SubstitutionGoal : public Goal
+struct SubstitutionGoal : public Goal
 {
-    friend class Worker;
-
-private:
     /* The store path that should be realised through a substitute. */
     StorePath storePath;
 
@@ -56,7 +53,6 @@ private:
     /* Content address for recomputing store path */
     std::optional<ContentAddress> ca;
 
-public:
     SubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & storePath, Worker & worker, RepairFlag repair = NoRepair, std::optional<ContentAddress> ca = std::nullopt);
     ~SubstitutionGoal();
 
@@ -82,8 +78,6 @@ public:
     /* Callback used by the worker to write to the log. */
     void handleChildOutput(int fd, const string & data) override;
     void handleEOF(int fd) override;
-
-    StorePath getStorePath() { return storePath; }
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/worker.cc b/src/libstore/build/worker.cc
index 5c3fe2f57..2f13aa885 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/worker.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/worker.cc
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-Worker::Worker(LocalStore & store)
+Worker::Worker(Store & store)
     : act(*logger, actRealise)
     , actDerivations(*logger, actBuilds)
     , actSubstitutions(*logger, actCopyPaths)
@@ -43,16 +43,13 @@ std::shared_ptr<DerivationGoal> Worker::makeDerivationGoalCommon(
     const StringSet & wantedOutputs,
     std::function<std::shared_ptr<DerivationGoal>()> mkDrvGoal)
 {
-    WeakGoalPtr & abstract_goal_weak = derivationGoals[drvPath];
-    GoalPtr abstract_goal = abstract_goal_weak.lock(); // FIXME
-    std::shared_ptr<DerivationGoal> goal;
-    if (!abstract_goal) {
+    std::weak_ptr<DerivationGoal> & goal_weak = derivationGoals[drvPath];
+    std::shared_ptr<DerivationGoal> goal = goal_weak.lock();
+    if (!goal) {
         goal = mkDrvGoal();
-        abstract_goal_weak = goal;
+        goal_weak = goal;
         wakeUp(goal);
     } else {
-        goal = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivationGoal>(abstract_goal);
-        assert(goal);
         goal->addWantedOutputs(wantedOutputs);
     }
     return goal;
@@ -77,10 +74,10 @@ std::shared_ptr<DerivationGoal> Worker::makeBasicDerivationGoal(const StorePath
 }
 
 
-GoalPtr Worker::makeSubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & path, RepairFlag repair, std::optional<ContentAddress> ca)
+std::shared_ptr<SubstitutionGoal> Worker::makeSubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & path, RepairFlag repair, std::optional<ContentAddress> ca)
 {
-    WeakGoalPtr & goal_weak = substitutionGoals[path];
-    GoalPtr goal = goal_weak.lock(); // FIXME
+    std::weak_ptr<SubstitutionGoal> & goal_weak = substitutionGoals[path];
+    auto goal = goal_weak.lock(); // FIXME
     if (!goal) {
         goal = std::make_shared<SubstitutionGoal>(path, *this, repair, ca);
         goal_weak = goal;
@@ -89,14 +86,14 @@ GoalPtr Worker::makeSubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & path, RepairFlag repair,
     return goal;
 }
 
-
-static void removeGoal(GoalPtr goal, WeakGoalMap & goalMap)
+template<typename G>
+static void removeGoal(std::shared_ptr<G> goal, std::map<StorePath, std::weak_ptr<G>> & goalMap)
 {
     /* !!! inefficient */
-    for (WeakGoalMap::iterator i = goalMap.begin();
+    for (auto i = goalMap.begin();
          i != goalMap.end(); )
         if (i->second.lock() == goal) {
-            WeakGoalMap::iterator j = i; ++j;
+            auto j = i; ++j;
             goalMap.erase(i);
             i = j;
         }
@@ -106,8 +103,12 @@ static void removeGoal(GoalPtr goal, WeakGoalMap & goalMap)
 
 void Worker::removeGoal(GoalPtr goal)
 {
-    nix::removeGoal(goal, derivationGoals);
-    nix::removeGoal(goal, substitutionGoals);
+    if (auto drvGoal = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivationGoal>(goal))
+        nix::removeGoal(drvGoal, derivationGoals);
+    else if (auto subGoal = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<SubstitutionGoal>(goal))
+        nix::removeGoal(subGoal, substitutionGoals);
+    else
+        assert(false);
     if (topGoals.find(goal) != topGoals.end()) {
         topGoals.erase(goal);
         /* If a top-level goal failed, then kill all other goals
@@ -206,7 +207,21 @@ void Worker::waitForAWhile(GoalPtr goal)
 
 void Worker::run(const Goals & _topGoals)
 {
-    for (auto & i : _topGoals) topGoals.insert(i);
+    std::vector<nix::StorePathWithOutputs> topPaths;
+
+    for (auto & i : _topGoals) {
+        topGoals.insert(i);
+        if (auto goal = dynamic_cast<DerivationGoal *>(i.get())) {
+            topPaths.push_back({goal->drvPath, goal->wantedOutputs});
+        } else if (auto goal = dynamic_cast<SubstitutionGoal *>(i.get())) {
+            topPaths.push_back({goal->storePath});
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Call queryMissing() efficiently query substitutes. */
+    StorePathSet willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown;
+    uint64_t downloadSize, narSize;
+    store.queryMissing(topPaths, willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown, downloadSize, narSize);
 
     debug("entered goal loop");
 
@@ -214,7 +229,9 @@ void Worker::run(const Goals & _topGoals)
 
         checkInterrupt();
 
-        store.autoGC(false);
+        // TODO GC interface?
+        if (auto localStore = dynamic_cast<LocalStore *>(&store))
+            localStore->autoGC(false);
 
         /* Call every wake goal (in the ordering established by
            CompareGoalPtrs). */
@@ -439,10 +456,7 @@ bool Worker::pathContentsGood(const StorePath & path)
     }
     pathContentsGoodCache.insert_or_assign(path, res);
     if (!res)
-        logError({
-            .name = "Corrupted path",
-            .hint = hintfmt("path '%s' is corrupted or missing!", store.printStorePath(path))
-        });
+        printError("path '%s' is corrupted or missing!", store.printStorePath(path));
     return res;
 }
 
@@ -452,4 +466,9 @@ void Worker::markContentsGood(const StorePath & path)
     pathContentsGoodCache.insert_or_assign(path, true);
 }
 
+
+GoalPtr upcast_goal(std::shared_ptr<SubstitutionGoal> subGoal) {
+    return subGoal;
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/worker.hh b/src/libstore/build/worker.hh
index a54316343..82e711191 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/worker.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/build/worker.hh
@@ -2,13 +2,28 @@
 
 #include "types.hh"
 #include "lock.hh"
-#include "local-store.hh"
+#include "store-api.hh"
 #include "goal.hh"
 
+#include <future>
+#include <thread>
+
 namespace nix {
 
 /* Forward definition. */
-class DerivationGoal;
+struct DerivationGoal;
+struct SubstitutionGoal;
+
+/* Workaround for not being able to declare a something like
+
+     class SubstitutionGoal : public Goal;
+
+   even when Goal is a complete type.
+
+   This is still a static cast. The purpose of exporting it is to define it in
+   a place where `SubstitutionGoal` is concrete, and use it in a place where it
+   is opaque. */
+GoalPtr upcast_goal(std::shared_ptr<SubstitutionGoal> subGoal);
 
 typedef std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> steady_time_point;
 
@@ -56,8 +71,8 @@ private:
 
     /* Maps used to prevent multiple instantiations of a goal for the
        same derivation / path. */
-    WeakGoalMap derivationGoals;
-    WeakGoalMap substitutionGoals;
+    std::map<StorePath, std::weak_ptr<DerivationGoal>> derivationGoals;
+    std::map<StorePath, std::weak_ptr<SubstitutionGoal>> substitutionGoals;
 
     /* Goals waiting for busy paths to be unlocked. */
     WeakGoals waitingForAnyGoal;
@@ -90,7 +105,7 @@ public:
     /* Set if at least one derivation is not deterministic in check mode. */
     bool checkMismatch;
 
-    LocalStore & store;
+    Store & store;
 
     std::unique_ptr<HookInstance> hook;
 
@@ -112,7 +127,7 @@ public:
        it answers with "decline-permanently", we don't try again. */
     bool tryBuildHook = true;
 
-    Worker(LocalStore & store);
+    Worker(Store & store);
     ~Worker();
 
     /* Make a goal (with caching). */
@@ -131,7 +146,7 @@ public:
         const StringSet & wantedOutputs, BuildMode buildMode = bmNormal);
 
     /* substitution goal */
-    GoalPtr makeSubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & storePath, RepairFlag repair = NoRepair, std::optional<ContentAddress> ca = std::nullopt);
+    std::shared_ptr<SubstitutionGoal> makeSubstitutionGoal(const StorePath & storePath, RepairFlag repair = NoRepair, std::optional<ContentAddress> ca = std::nullopt);
 
     /* Remove a dead goal. */
     void removeGoal(GoalPtr goal);
diff --git a/src/libstore/builtins/buildenv.cc b/src/libstore/builtins/buildenv.cc
index 802fb87bc..e88fc687a 100644
--- a/src/libstore/builtins/buildenv.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/builtins/buildenv.cc
@@ -22,10 +22,7 @@ static void createLinks(State & state, const Path & srcDir, const Path & dstDir,
         srcFiles = readDirectory(srcDir);
     } catch (SysError & e) {
         if (e.errNo == ENOTDIR) {
-            logWarning({
-                .name = "Create links - directory",
-                .hint = hintfmt("not including '%s' in the user environment because it's not a directory", srcDir)
-            });
+            warn("not including '%s' in the user environment because it's not a directory", srcDir);
             return;
         }
         throw;
@@ -44,10 +41,7 @@ static void createLinks(State & state, const Path & srcDir, const Path & dstDir,
                 throw SysError("getting status of '%1%'", srcFile);
         } catch (SysError & e) {
             if (e.errNo == ENOENT || e.errNo == ENOTDIR) {
-                logWarning({
-                    .name = "Create links - skipping symlink",
-                    .hint = hintfmt("skipping dangling symlink '%s'", dstFile)
-                });
+                warn("skipping dangling symlink '%s'", dstFile);
                 continue;
             }
             throw;
diff --git a/src/libstore/ca-specific-schema.sql b/src/libstore/ca-specific-schema.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93c442826
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libstore/ca-specific-schema.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+-- Extension of the sql schema for content-addressed derivations.
+-- Won't be loaded unless the experimental feature `ca-derivations`
+-- is enabled
+
+create table if not exists Realisations (
+    drvPath text not null,
+    outputName text not null, -- symbolic output id, usually "out"
+    outputPath integer not null,
+    primary key (drvPath, outputName),
+    foreign key (outputPath) references ValidPaths(id) on delete cascade
+);
diff --git a/src/libstore/crypto.cc b/src/libstore/crypto.cc
index 9ec8abd22..1027469c9 100644
--- a/src/libstore/crypto.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/crypto.cc
@@ -2,21 +2,19 @@
 #include "util.hh"
 #include "globals.hh"
 
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
 #include <sodium.h>
-#endif
 
 namespace nix {
 
-static std::pair<std::string, std::string> split(const string & s)
+static std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view> split(std::string_view s)
 {
     size_t colon = s.find(':');
     if (colon == std::string::npos || colon == 0)
         return {"", ""};
-    return {std::string(s, 0, colon), std::string(s, colon + 1)};
+    return {s.substr(0, colon), s.substr(colon + 1)};
 }
 
-Key::Key(const string & s)
+Key::Key(std::string_view s)
 {
     auto ss = split(s);
 
@@ -29,62 +27,57 @@ Key::Key(const string & s)
     key = base64Decode(key);
 }
 
-SecretKey::SecretKey(const string & s)
-    : Key(s)
+std::string Key::to_string() const
 {
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
-    if (key.size() != crypto_sign_SECRETKEYBYTES)
-        throw Error("secret key is not valid");
-#endif
+    return name + ":" + base64Encode(key);
 }
 
-#if !HAVE_SODIUM
-[[noreturn]] static void noSodium()
+SecretKey::SecretKey(std::string_view s)
+    : Key(s)
 {
-    throw Error("Nix was not compiled with libsodium, required for signed binary cache support");
+    if (key.size() != crypto_sign_SECRETKEYBYTES)
+        throw Error("secret key is not valid");
 }
-#endif
 
-std::string SecretKey::signDetached(const std::string & data) const
+std::string SecretKey::signDetached(std::string_view data) const
 {
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
     unsigned char sig[crypto_sign_BYTES];
     unsigned long long sigLen;
     crypto_sign_detached(sig, &sigLen, (unsigned char *) data.data(), data.size(),
         (unsigned char *) key.data());
     return name + ":" + base64Encode(std::string((char *) sig, sigLen));
-#else
-    noSodium();
-#endif
 }
 
 PublicKey SecretKey::toPublicKey() const
 {
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
     unsigned char pk[crypto_sign_PUBLICKEYBYTES];
     crypto_sign_ed25519_sk_to_pk(pk, (unsigned char *) key.data());
     return PublicKey(name, std::string((char *) pk, crypto_sign_PUBLICKEYBYTES));
-#else
-    noSodium();
-#endif
 }
 
-PublicKey::PublicKey(const string & s)
+SecretKey SecretKey::generate(std::string_view name)
+{
+    unsigned char pk[crypto_sign_PUBLICKEYBYTES];
+    unsigned char sk[crypto_sign_SECRETKEYBYTES];
+    if (crypto_sign_keypair(pk, sk) != 0)
+        throw Error("key generation failed");
+
+    return SecretKey(name, std::string((char *) sk, crypto_sign_SECRETKEYBYTES));
+}
+
+PublicKey::PublicKey(std::string_view s)
     : Key(s)
 {
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
     if (key.size() != crypto_sign_PUBLICKEYBYTES)
         throw Error("public key is not valid");
-#endif
 }
 
 bool verifyDetached(const std::string & data, const std::string & sig,
     const PublicKeys & publicKeys)
 {
-#if HAVE_SODIUM
     auto ss = split(sig);
 
-    auto key = publicKeys.find(ss.first);
+    auto key = publicKeys.find(std::string(ss.first));
     if (key == publicKeys.end()) return false;
 
     auto sig2 = base64Decode(ss.second);
@@ -94,9 +87,6 @@ bool verifyDetached(const std::string & data, const std::string & sig,
     return crypto_sign_verify_detached((unsigned char *) sig2.data(),
         (unsigned char *) data.data(), data.size(),
         (unsigned char *) key->second.key.data()) == 0;
-#else
-    noSodium();
-#endif
 }
 
 PublicKeys getDefaultPublicKeys()
diff --git a/src/libstore/crypto.hh b/src/libstore/crypto.hh
index 9110af3aa..03f85c103 100644
--- a/src/libstore/crypto.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/crypto.hh
@@ -13,32 +13,40 @@ struct Key
 
     /* Construct Key from a string in the format
        ‘<name>:<key-in-base64>’. */
-    Key(const std::string & s);
+    Key(std::string_view s);
+
+    std::string to_string() const;
 
 protected:
-    Key(const std::string & name, const std::string & key)
-        : name(name), key(key) { }
+    Key(std::string_view name, std::string && key)
+        : name(name), key(std::move(key)) { }
 };
 
 struct PublicKey;
 
 struct SecretKey : Key
 {
-    SecretKey(const std::string & s);
+    SecretKey(std::string_view s);
 
     /* Return a detached signature of the given string. */
-    std::string signDetached(const std::string & s) const;
+    std::string signDetached(std::string_view s) const;
 
     PublicKey toPublicKey() const;
+
+    static SecretKey generate(std::string_view name);
+
+private:
+    SecretKey(std::string_view name, std::string && key)
+        : Key(name, std::move(key)) { }
 };
 
 struct PublicKey : Key
 {
-    PublicKey(const std::string & data);
+    PublicKey(std::string_view data);
 
 private:
-    PublicKey(const std::string & name, const std::string & key)
-        : Key(name, key) { }
+    PublicKey(std::string_view name, std::string && key)
+        : Key(name, std::move(key)) { }
     friend struct SecretKey;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/daemon.cc b/src/libstore/daemon.cc
index 76f463af4..0df769657 100644
--- a/src/libstore/daemon.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/daemon.cc
@@ -153,10 +153,10 @@ struct TunnelSink : Sink
 {
     Sink & to;
     TunnelSink(Sink & to) : to(to) { }
-    virtual void operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len)
+    void operator () (std::string_view data)
     {
         to << STDERR_WRITE;
-        writeString(data, len, to);
+        writeString(data, to);
     }
 };
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ struct TunnelSource : BufferedSource
     Source & from;
     BufferedSink & to;
     TunnelSource(Source & from, BufferedSink & to) : from(from), to(to) { }
-    size_t readUnbuffered(unsigned char * data, size_t len) override
+    size_t readUnbuffered(char * data, size_t len) override
     {
         to << STDERR_READ << len;
         to.flush();
@@ -215,6 +215,8 @@ struct ClientSettings
                 for (auto & s : ss)
                     if (trusted.count(s))
                         subs.push_back(s);
+                    else if (!hasSuffix(s, "/") && trusted.count(s + "/"))
+                        subs.push_back(s + "/");
                     else
                         warn("ignoring untrusted substituter '%s'", s);
                 res = subs;
@@ -231,8 +233,6 @@ struct ClientSettings
                     settings.set(name, value);
                 else if (setSubstituters(settings.substituters))
                     ;
-                else if (setSubstituters(settings.extraSubstituters))
-                    ;
                 else
                     debug("ignoring the client-specified setting '%s', because it is a restricted setting and you are not a trusted user", name);
             } catch (UsageError & e) {
@@ -276,8 +276,17 @@ static void performOp(TunnelLogger * logger, ref<Store> store,
 
     case wopQueryValidPaths: {
         auto paths = worker_proto::read(*store, from, Phantom<StorePathSet> {});
+
+        SubstituteFlag substitute = NoSubstitute;
+        if (GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(clientVersion) >= 27) {
+            substitute = readInt(from) ? Substitute : NoSubstitute;
+        }
+
         logger->startWork();
-        auto res = store->queryValidPaths(paths);
+        if (substitute) {
+            store->substitutePaths(paths);
+        }
+        auto res = store->queryValidPaths(paths, substitute);
         logger->stopWork();
         worker_proto::write(*store, to, res);
         break;
@@ -863,6 +872,28 @@ static void performOp(TunnelLogger * logger, ref<Store> store,
         break;
     }
 
+    case wopRegisterDrvOutput: {
+        logger->startWork();
+        auto outputId = DrvOutput::parse(readString(from));
+        auto outputPath = StorePath(readString(from));
+        auto resolvedDrv = StorePath(readString(from));
+        store->registerDrvOutput(Realisation{
+            .id = outputId, .outPath = outputPath});
+        logger->stopWork();
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case wopQueryRealisation: {
+        logger->startWork();
+        auto outputId = DrvOutput::parse(readString(from));
+        auto info = store->queryRealisation(outputId);
+        logger->stopWork();
+        std::set<StorePath> outPaths;
+        if (info) outPaths.insert(info->outPath);
+        worker_proto::write(*store, to, outPaths);
+        break;
+    }
+
     default:
         throw Error("invalid operation %1%", op);
     }
diff --git a/src/libstore/derivations.cc b/src/libstore/derivations.cc
index e15f9e25a..288990b19 100644
--- a/src/libstore/derivations.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/derivations.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ std::optional<StorePath> DerivationOutput::path(const Store & store, std::string
         [](DerivationOutputCAFloating dof) -> std::optional<StorePath> {
             return std::nullopt;
         },
+        [](DerivationOutputDeferred) -> std::optional<StorePath> {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        },
     }, output);
 }
 
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ bool derivationIsCA(DerivationType dt) {
     case DerivationType::InputAddressed: return false;
     case DerivationType::CAFixed: return true;
     case DerivationType::CAFloating: return true;
+    case DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed: return false;
     };
     // Since enums can have non-variant values, but making a `default:` would
     // disable exhaustiveness warnings.
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@ bool derivationIsFixed(DerivationType dt) {
     case DerivationType::InputAddressed: return false;
     case DerivationType::CAFixed: return true;
     case DerivationType::CAFloating: return false;
+    case DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed: return false;
     };
     assert(false);
 }
@@ -59,6 +64,7 @@ bool derivationIsImpure(DerivationType dt) {
     case DerivationType::InputAddressed: return false;
     case DerivationType::CAFixed: return true;
     case DerivationType::CAFloating: return false;
+    case DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed: return false;
     };
     assert(false);
 }
@@ -178,6 +184,11 @@ static DerivationOutput parseDerivationOutput(const Store & store,
             };
         }
     } else {
+        if (pathS == "") {
+            return DerivationOutput {
+                .output = DerivationOutputDeferred { }
+            };
+        }
         validatePath(pathS);
         return DerivationOutput {
             .output = DerivationOutputInputAddressed {
@@ -323,6 +334,11 @@ string Derivation::unparse(const Store & store, bool maskOutputs,
                 s += ','; printUnquotedString(s, makeContentAddressingPrefix(dof.method) + printHashType(dof.hashType));
                 s += ','; printUnquotedString(s, "");
             },
+            [&](DerivationOutputDeferred) {
+                s += ','; printUnquotedString(s, "");
+                s += ','; printUnquotedString(s, "");
+                s += ','; printUnquotedString(s, "");
+            }
         }, i.second.output);
         s += ')';
     }
@@ -387,7 +403,7 @@ std::string outputPathName(std::string_view drvName, std::string_view outputName
 
 DerivationType BasicDerivation::type() const
 {
-    std::set<std::string_view> inputAddressedOutputs, fixedCAOutputs, floatingCAOutputs;
+    std::set<std::string_view> inputAddressedOutputs, fixedCAOutputs, floatingCAOutputs, deferredIAOutputs;
     std::optional<HashType> floatingHashType;
     for (auto & i : outputs) {
         std::visit(overloaded {
@@ -406,29 +422,34 @@ DerivationType BasicDerivation::type() const
                         throw Error("All floating outputs must use the same hash type");
                 }
             },
+            [&](DerivationOutputDeferred _) {
+               deferredIAOutputs.insert(i.first);
+            },
         }, i.second.output);
     }
 
-    if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty()) {
+    if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty() && deferredIAOutputs.empty()) {
         throw Error("Must have at least one output");
-    } else if (! inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty()) {
+    } else if (! inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty() && deferredIAOutputs.empty()) {
         return DerivationType::InputAddressed;
-    } else if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && ! fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty()) {
+    } else if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && ! fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty() && deferredIAOutputs.empty()) {
         if (fixedCAOutputs.size() > 1)
             // FIXME: Experimental feature?
             throw Error("Only one fixed output is allowed for now");
         if (*fixedCAOutputs.begin() != "out")
             throw Error("Single fixed output must be named \"out\"");
         return DerivationType::CAFixed;
-    } else if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && ! floatingCAOutputs.empty()) {
+    } else if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && ! floatingCAOutputs.empty() && deferredIAOutputs.empty()) {
         return DerivationType::CAFloating;
+    } else if (inputAddressedOutputs.empty() && fixedCAOutputs.empty() && floatingCAOutputs.empty() && !deferredIAOutputs.empty()) {
+        return DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed;
     } else {
         throw Error("Can't mix derivation output types");
     }
 }
 
 
-DrvHashes drvHashes;
+Sync<DrvHashes> drvHashes;
 
 /* pathDerivationModulo and hashDerivationModulo are mutually recursive
  */
@@ -436,20 +457,22 @@ DrvHashes drvHashes;
 /* Look up the derivation by value and memoize the
    `hashDerivationModulo` call.
  */
-static const DrvHashModulo & pathDerivationModulo(Store & store, const StorePath & drvPath)
+static const DrvHashModulo pathDerivationModulo(Store & store, const StorePath & drvPath)
 {
-    auto h = drvHashes.find(drvPath);
-    if (h == drvHashes.end()) {
-        assert(store.isValidPath(drvPath));
-        // Cache it
-        h = drvHashes.insert_or_assign(
-            drvPath,
-            hashDerivationModulo(
-                store,
-                store.readDerivation(drvPath),
-                false)).first;
+    {
+        auto hashes = drvHashes.lock();
+        auto h = hashes->find(drvPath);
+        if (h != hashes->end()) {
+            return h->second;
+        }
     }
-    return h->second;
+    auto h = hashDerivationModulo(
+        store,
+        store.readInvalidDerivation(drvPath),
+        false);
+    // Cache it
+    drvHashes.lock()->insert_or_assign(drvPath, h);
+    return h;
 }
 
 /* See the header for interface details. These are the implementation details.
@@ -471,10 +494,9 @@ static const DrvHashModulo & pathDerivationModulo(Store & store, const StorePath
  */
 DrvHashModulo hashDerivationModulo(Store & store, const Derivation & drv, bool maskOutputs)
 {
+    bool isDeferred = false;
     /* Return a fixed hash for fixed-output derivations. */
     switch (drv.type()) {
-    case DerivationType::CAFloating:
-        throw Error("Regular input-addressed derivations are not yet allowed to depend on CA derivations");
     case DerivationType::CAFixed: {
         std::map<std::string, Hash> outputHashes;
         for (const auto & i : drv.outputs) {
@@ -487,8 +509,13 @@ DrvHashModulo hashDerivationModulo(Store & store, const Derivation & drv, bool m
         }
         return outputHashes;
     }
+    case DerivationType::CAFloating:
+        isDeferred = true;
+        break;
     case DerivationType::InputAddressed:
         break;
+    case DerivationType::DeferredInputAddressed:
+        break;
     }
 
     /* For other derivations, replace the inputs paths with recursive
@@ -501,6 +528,10 @@ DrvHashModulo hashDerivationModulo(Store & store, const Derivation & drv, bool m
             [&](Hash drvHash) {
                 inputs2.insert_or_assign(drvHash.to_string(Base16, false), i.second);
             },
+            [&](DeferredHash deferredHash) {
+                isDeferred = true;
+                inputs2.insert_or_assign(deferredHash.hash.to_string(Base16, false), i.second);
+            },
             // CA derivation's output hashes
             [&](CaOutputHashes outputHashes) {
                 std::set<std::string> justOut = { "out" };
@@ -515,7 +546,34 @@ DrvHashModulo hashDerivationModulo(Store & store, const Derivation & drv, bool m
         }, res);
     }
 
-    return hashString(htSHA256, drv.unparse(store, maskOutputs, &inputs2));
+    auto hash = hashString(htSHA256, drv.unparse(store, maskOutputs, &inputs2));
+
+    if (isDeferred)
+        return DeferredHash { hash };
+    else
+        return hash;
+}
+
+
+std::map<std::string, Hash> staticOutputHashes(Store& store, const Derivation& drv)
+{
+    std::map<std::string, Hash> res;
+    std::visit(overloaded {
+        [&](Hash drvHash) {
+            for (auto & outputName : drv.outputNames()) {
+                res.insert({outputName, drvHash});
+            }
+        },
+        [&](DeferredHash deferredHash) {
+            for (auto & outputName : drv.outputNames()) {
+                res.insert({outputName, deferredHash.hash});
+            }
+        },
+        [&](CaOutputHashes outputHashes) {
+            res = outputHashes;
+        },
+    }, hashDerivationModulo(store, drv, true));
+    return res;
 }
 
 
@@ -618,6 +676,11 @@ void writeDerivation(Sink & out, const Store & store, const BasicDerivation & dr
                     << (makeContentAddressingPrefix(dof.method) + printHashType(dof.hashType))
                     << "";
             },
+            [&](DerivationOutputDeferred) {
+                out << ""
+                    << ""
+                    << "";
+            },
         }, i.second.output);
     }
     worker_proto::write(store, out, drv.inputSrcs);
@@ -643,7 +706,6 @@ std::string downstreamPlaceholder(const Store & store, const StorePath & drvPath
 }
 
 
-// N.B. Outputs are left unchanged
 static void rewriteDerivation(Store & store, BasicDerivation & drv, const StringMap & rewrites) {
 
     debug("Rewriting the derivation");
@@ -664,10 +726,22 @@ static void rewriteDerivation(Store & store, BasicDerivation & drv, const String
         newEnv.emplace(envName, envValue);
     }
     drv.env = newEnv;
-}
 
+    auto hashModulo = hashDerivationModulo(store, Derivation(drv), true);
+    for (auto & [outputName, output] : drv.outputs) {
+        if (std::holds_alternative<DerivationOutputDeferred>(output.output)) {
+            Hash h = std::get<Hash>(hashModulo);
+            auto outPath = store.makeOutputPath(outputName, h, drv.name);
+            drv.env[outputName] = store.printStorePath(outPath);
+            output = DerivationOutput {
+                .output = DerivationOutputInputAddressed {
+                    .path = std::move(outPath),
+                },
+            };
+        }
+    }
 
-Sync<DrvPathResolutions> drvPathResolutions;
+}
 
 std::optional<BasicDerivation> Derivation::tryResolve(Store & store) {
     BasicDerivation resolved { *this };
@@ -680,8 +754,13 @@ std::optional<BasicDerivation> Derivation::tryResolve(Store & store) {
         StringSet newOutputNames;
         for (auto & outputName : input.second) {
             auto actualPathOpt = inputDrvOutputs.at(outputName);
-            if (!actualPathOpt)
+            if (!actualPathOpt) {
+                warn("output %s of input %s missing, aborting the resolving",
+                    outputName,
+                    store.printStorePath(input.first)
+                );
                 return std::nullopt;
+            }
             auto actualPath = *actualPathOpt;
             inputRewrites.emplace(
                 downstreamPlaceholder(store, input.first, outputName),
diff --git a/src/libstore/derivations.hh b/src/libstore/derivations.hh
index 3bfaabad3..10789116b 100644
--- a/src/libstore/derivations.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/derivations.hh
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ namespace nix {
 /* The traditional non-fixed-output derivation type. */
 struct DerivationOutputInputAddressed
 {
-    /* Will need to become `std::optional<StorePath>` once input-addressed
-       derivations are allowed to depend on cont-addressed derivations */
     StorePath path;
 };
 
@@ -41,12 +39,18 @@ struct DerivationOutputCAFloating
     HashType hashType;
 };
 
+/* Input-addressed output which depends on a (CA) derivation whose hash isn't
+ * known atm
+ */
+struct DerivationOutputDeferred {};
+
 struct DerivationOutput
 {
     std::variant<
         DerivationOutputInputAddressed,
         DerivationOutputCAFixed,
-        DerivationOutputCAFloating
+        DerivationOutputCAFloating,
+        DerivationOutputDeferred
     > output;
     std::optional<HashType> hashAlgoOpt(const Store & store) const;
     /* Note, when you use this function you should make sure that you're passing
@@ -72,6 +76,7 @@ typedef std::map<string, string> StringPairs;
 
 enum struct DerivationType : uint8_t {
     InputAddressed,
+    DeferredInputAddressed,
     CAFixed,
     CAFloating,
 };
@@ -167,9 +172,12 @@ std::string outputPathName(std::string_view drvName, std::string_view outputName
 // whose output hashes are always known since they are fixed up-front.
 typedef std::map<std::string, Hash> CaOutputHashes;
 
+struct DeferredHash { Hash hash; };
+
 typedef std::variant<
     Hash, // regular DRV normalized hash
-    CaOutputHashes
+    CaOutputHashes, // Fixed-output derivation hashes
+    DeferredHash // Deferred hashes for floating outputs drvs and their dependencies
 > DrvHashModulo;
 
 /* Returns hashes with the details of fixed-output subderivations
@@ -197,20 +205,17 @@ typedef std::variant<
  */
 DrvHashModulo hashDerivationModulo(Store & store, const Derivation & drv, bool maskOutputs);
 
+/*
+   Return a map associating each output to a hash that uniquely identifies its
+   derivation (modulo the self-references).
+ */
+std::map<std::string, Hash> staticOutputHashes(Store& store, const Derivation& drv);
+
 /* Memoisation of hashDerivationModulo(). */
 typedef std::map<StorePath, DrvHashModulo> DrvHashes;
 
-extern DrvHashes drvHashes; // FIXME: global, not thread-safe
-
-/* Memoisation of `readDerivation(..).resove()`. */
-typedef std::map<
-    StorePath,
-    std::optional<StorePath>
-> DrvPathResolutions;
-
 // FIXME: global, though at least thread-safe.
-// FIXME: arguably overlaps with hashDerivationModulo memo table.
-extern Sync<DrvPathResolutions> drvPathResolutions;
+extern Sync<DrvHashes> drvHashes;
 
 bool wantOutput(const string & output, const std::set<string> & wanted);
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/dummy-store.cc b/src/libstore/dummy-store.cc
index 98b745c3a..8f26af685 100644
--- a/src/libstore/dummy-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/dummy-store.cc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ struct DummyStoreConfig : virtual StoreConfig {
     const std::string name() override { return "Dummy Store"; }
 };
 
-struct DummyStore : public Store, public virtual DummyStoreConfig
+struct DummyStore : public virtual DummyStoreConfig, public virtual Store
 {
     DummyStore(const std::string scheme, const std::string uri, const Params & params)
         : DummyStore(params)
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ struct DummyStore : public Store, public virtual DummyStoreConfig
 
     DummyStore(const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , DummyStoreConfig(params)
         , Store(params)
     { }
 
@@ -54,12 +55,8 @@ struct DummyStore : public Store, public virtual DummyStoreConfig
     void narFromPath(const StorePath & path, Sink & sink) override
     { unsupported("narFromPath"); }
 
-    void ensurePath(const StorePath & path) override
-    { unsupported("ensurePath"); }
-
-    BuildResult buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
-        BuildMode buildMode) override
-    { unsupported("buildDerivation"); }
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput&) override
+    { unsupported("queryRealisation"); }
 };
 
 static RegisterStoreImplementation<DummyStore, DummyStoreConfig> regDummyStore;
diff --git a/src/libstore/filetransfer.cc b/src/libstore/filetransfer.cc
index c2c65af05..8ea5cdc9d 100644
--- a/src/libstore/filetransfer.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/filetransfer.cc
@@ -95,18 +95,18 @@ struct curlFileTransfer : public FileTransfer
                 fmt(request.data ? "uploading '%s'" : "downloading '%s'", request.uri),
                 {request.uri}, request.parentAct)
             , callback(std::move(callback))
-            , finalSink([this](const unsigned char * data, size_t len) {
+            , finalSink([this](std::string_view data) {
                 if (this->request.dataCallback) {
                     auto httpStatus = getHTTPStatus();
 
                     /* Only write data to the sink if this is a
                        successful response. */
                     if (successfulStatuses.count(httpStatus)) {
-                        writtenToSink += len;
-                        this->request.dataCallback((char *) data, len);
+                        writtenToSink += data.size();
+                        this->request.dataCallback(data);
                     }
                 } else
-                    this->result.data->append((char *) data, len);
+                    this->result.data->append(data);
               })
         {
             if (!request.expectedETag.empty())
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ struct curlFileTransfer : public FileTransfer
                 }
 
                 if (errorSink)
-                    (*errorSink)((unsigned char *) contents, realSize);
-                (*decompressionSink)((unsigned char *) contents, realSize);
+                    (*errorSink)({(char *) contents, realSize});
+                (*decompressionSink)({(char *) contents, realSize});
 
                 return realSize;
             } catch (...) {
@@ -375,6 +375,13 @@ struct curlFileTransfer : public FileTransfer
             else if (code == CURLE_OK && successfulStatuses.count(httpStatus))
             {
                 result.cached = httpStatus == 304;
+
+                // In 2021, GitHub responds to If-None-Match with 304,
+                // but omits ETag. We just use the If-None-Match etag
+                // since 304 implies they are the same.
+                if (httpStatus == 304 && result.etag == "")
+                    result.etag = request.expectedETag;
+
                 act.progress(result.bodySize, result.bodySize);
                 done = true;
                 callback(std::move(result));
@@ -632,11 +639,7 @@ struct curlFileTransfer : public FileTransfer
             workerThreadMain();
         } catch (nix::Interrupted & e) {
         } catch (std::exception & e) {
-            logError({
-                .name = "File transfer",
-                .hint = hintfmt("unexpected error in download thread: %s",
-                                e.what())
-            });
+            printError("unexpected error in download thread: %s", e.what());
         }
 
         {
@@ -776,7 +779,7 @@ void FileTransfer::download(FileTransferRequest && request, Sink & sink)
         state->request.notify_one();
     });
 
-    request.dataCallback = [_state](char * buf, size_t len) {
+    request.dataCallback = [_state](std::string_view data) {
 
         auto state(_state->lock());
 
@@ -794,7 +797,7 @@ void FileTransfer::download(FileTransferRequest && request, Sink & sink)
 
         /* Append data to the buffer and wake up the calling
            thread. */
-        state->data.append(buf, len);
+        state->data.append(data);
         state->avail.notify_one();
     };
 
@@ -840,7 +843,7 @@ void FileTransfer::download(FileTransferRequest && request, Sink & sink)
            if it's blocked on a full buffer. We don't hold the state
            lock while doing this to prevent blocking the download
            thread if sink() takes a long time. */
-        sink((unsigned char *) chunk.data(), chunk.size());
+        sink(chunk);
     }
 }
 
@@ -852,11 +855,10 @@ FileTransferError::FileTransferError(FileTransfer::Error error, std::shared_ptr<
     // FIXME: Due to https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/3841 we don't know how
     // to print different messages for different verbosity levels. For now
     // we add some heuristics for detecting when we want to show the response.
-    if (response && (response->size() < 1024 || response->find("<html>") != string::npos)) {
-            err.hint = hintfmt("%1%\n\nresponse body:\n\n%2%", normaltxt(hf.str()), *response);
-    } else {
-        err.hint = hf;
-    }
+    if (response && (response->size() < 1024 || response->find("<html>") != string::npos))
+        err.msg = hintfmt("%1%\n\nresponse body:\n\n%2%", normaltxt(hf.str()), chomp(*response));
+    else
+        err.msg = hf;
 }
 
 bool isUri(const string & s)
diff --git a/src/libstore/filetransfer.hh b/src/libstore/filetransfer.hh
index c89c51a21..45d9ccf89 100644
--- a/src/libstore/filetransfer.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/filetransfer.hh
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ struct FileTransferRequest
     bool decompress = true;
     std::shared_ptr<std::string> data;
     std::string mimeType;
-    std::function<void(char *, size_t)> dataCallback;
+    std::function<void(std::string_view data)> dataCallback;
 
-    FileTransferRequest(const std::string & uri)
+    FileTransferRequest(std::string_view uri)
         : uri(uri), parentAct(getCurActivity()) { }
 
     std::string verb()
diff --git a/src/libstore/fs-accessor.hh b/src/libstore/fs-accessor.hh
index 64780a6da..c825e84f2 100644
--- a/src/libstore/fs-accessor.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/fs-accessor.hh
@@ -25,7 +25,14 @@ public:
 
     virtual StringSet readDirectory(const Path & path) = 0;
 
-    virtual std::string readFile(const Path & path) = 0;
+    /**
+     * Read a file inside the store.
+     *
+     * If `requireValidPath` is set to `true` (the default), the path must be
+     * inside a valid store path, otherwise it just needs to be physically
+     * present (but not necessarily properly registered)
+     */
+    virtual std::string readFile(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath = true) = 0;
 
     virtual std::string readLink(const Path & path) = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/libstore/globals.cc b/src/libstore/globals.cc
index 1238dc530..2780e0bf5 100644
--- a/src/libstore/globals.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/globals.cc
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "archive.hh"
 #include "args.hh"
 #include "abstract-setting-to-json.hh"
+#include "compute-levels.hh"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
@@ -86,6 +87,12 @@ void loadConfFile()
     for (auto file = files.rbegin(); file != files.rend(); file++) {
         globalConfig.applyConfigFile(*file);
     }
+
+    auto nixConfEnv = getEnv("NIX_CONFIG");
+    if (nixConfEnv.has_value()) {
+        globalConfig.applyConfig(nixConfEnv.value(), "NIX_CONFIG");
+    }
+
 }
 
 std::vector<Path> getUserConfigFiles()
@@ -125,6 +132,33 @@ StringSet Settings::getDefaultSystemFeatures()
     return features;
 }
 
+StringSet Settings::getDefaultExtraPlatforms()
+{
+    StringSet extraPlatforms;
+
+    if (std::string{SYSTEM} == "x86_64-linux" && !isWSL1())
+        extraPlatforms.insert("i686-linux");
+
+#if __linux__
+    StringSet levels = computeLevels();
+    for (auto iter = levels.begin(); iter != levels.end(); ++iter)
+        extraPlatforms.insert(*iter + "-linux");
+#elif __APPLE__
+    // Rosetta 2 emulation layer can run x86_64 binaries on aarch64
+    // machines. Note that we can’t force processes from executing
+    // x86_64 in aarch64 environments or vice versa since they can
+    // always exec with their own binary preferences.
+    if (pathExists("/Library/Apple/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.oahd.plist")) {
+        if (std::string{SYSTEM} == "x86_64-darwin")
+            extraPlatforms.insert("aarch64-darwin");
+        else if (std::string{SYSTEM} == "aarch64-darwin")
+            extraPlatforms.insert("x86_64-darwin");
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return extraPlatforms;
+}
+
 bool Settings::isExperimentalFeatureEnabled(const std::string & name)
 {
     auto & f = experimentalFeatures.get();
@@ -154,7 +188,7 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM(SandboxMode, {
     {SandboxMode::smDisabled, false},
 });
 
-template<> void BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::set(const std::string & str)
+template<> void BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::set(const std::string & str, bool append)
 {
     if (str == "true") value = smEnabled;
     else if (str == "relaxed") value = smRelaxed;
@@ -162,6 +196,11 @@ template<> void BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::set(const std::string & str)
     else throw UsageError("option '%s' has invalid value '%s'", name, str);
 }
 
+template<> bool BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::isAppendable()
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
 template<> std::string BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::to_string() const
 {
     if (value == smEnabled) return "true";
@@ -192,16 +231,29 @@ template<> void BaseSetting<SandboxMode>::convertToArg(Args & args, const std::s
     });
 }
 
-void MaxBuildJobsSetting::set(const std::string & str)
+void MaxBuildJobsSetting::set(const std::string & str, bool append)
 {
     if (str == "auto") value = std::max(1U, std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
-    else if (!string2Int(str, value))
-        throw UsageError("configuration setting '%s' should be 'auto' or an integer", name);
+    else {
+        if (auto n = string2Int<decltype(value)>(str))
+            value = *n;
+        else
+            throw UsageError("configuration setting '%s' should be 'auto' or an integer", name);
+    }
+}
+
+
+void PluginFilesSetting::set(const std::string & str, bool append)
+{
+    if (pluginsLoaded)
+        throw UsageError("plugin-files set after plugins were loaded, you may need to move the flag before the subcommand");
+    BaseSetting<Paths>::set(str, append);
 }
 
 
 void initPlugins()
 {
+    assert(!settings.pluginFiles.pluginsLoaded);
     for (const auto & pluginFile : settings.pluginFiles.get()) {
         Paths pluginFiles;
         try {
@@ -227,6 +279,9 @@ void initPlugins()
        unknown settings. */
     globalConfig.reapplyUnknownSettings();
     globalConfig.warnUnknownSettings();
+
+    /* Tell the user if they try to set plugin-files after we've already loaded */
+    settings.pluginFiles.pluginsLoaded = true;
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/globals.hh b/src/libstore/globals.hh
index 8c63c5b34..df61d6417 100644
--- a/src/libstore/globals.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/globals.hh
@@ -25,7 +25,24 @@ struct MaxBuildJobsSetting : public BaseSetting<unsigned int>
         options->addSetting(this);
     }
 
-    void set(const std::string & str) override;
+    void set(const std::string & str, bool append = false) override;
+};
+
+struct PluginFilesSetting : public BaseSetting<Paths>
+{
+    bool pluginsLoaded = false;
+
+    PluginFilesSetting(Config * options,
+        const Paths & def,
+        const std::string & name,
+        const std::string & description,
+        const std::set<std::string> & aliases = {})
+        : BaseSetting<Paths>(def, name, description, aliases)
+    {
+        options->addSetting(this);
+    }
+
+    void set(const std::string & str, bool append = false) override;
 };
 
 class Settings : public Config {
@@ -34,6 +51,8 @@ class Settings : public Config {
 
     StringSet getDefaultSystemFeatures();
 
+    StringSet getDefaultExtraPlatforms();
+
     bool isWSL1();
 
 public:
@@ -413,14 +432,6 @@ public:
     Setting<bool> sandboxFallback{this, true, "sandbox-fallback",
         "Whether to disable sandboxing when the kernel doesn't allow it."};
 
-    Setting<PathSet> extraSandboxPaths{
-        this, {}, "extra-sandbox-paths",
-        R"(
-          A list of additional paths appended to `sandbox-paths`. Useful if
-          you want to extend its default value.
-        )",
-        {"build-extra-chroot-dirs", "build-extra-sandbox-paths"}};
-
     Setting<size_t> buildRepeat{
         this, 0, "repeat",
         R"(
@@ -553,7 +564,7 @@ public:
 
     Setting<StringSet> extraPlatforms{
         this,
-        std::string{SYSTEM} == "x86_64-linux" && !isWSL1() ? StringSet{"i686-linux"} : StringSet{},
+        getDefaultExtraPlatforms(),
         "extra-platforms",
         R"(
           Platforms other than the native one which this machine is capable of
@@ -591,7 +602,7 @@ public:
 
     Setting<Strings> substituters{
         this,
-        nixStore == "/nix/store" ? Strings{"https://cache.nixos.org/"} : Strings(),
+        Strings{"https://cache.nixos.org/"},
         "substituters",
         R"(
           A list of URLs of substituters, separated by whitespace. The default
@@ -599,17 +610,6 @@ public:
         )",
         {"binary-caches"}};
 
-    // FIXME: provide a way to add to option values.
-    Setting<Strings> extraSubstituters{
-        this, {}, "extra-substituters",
-        R"(
-          Additional binary caches appended to those specified in
-          `substituters`. When used by unprivileged users, untrusted
-          substituters (i.e. those not listed in `trusted-substituters`) are
-          silently ignored.
-        )",
-        {"extra-binary-caches"}};
-
     Setting<StringSet> trustedSubstituters{
         this, {}, "trusted-substituters",
         R"(
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ public:
     Setting<uint64_t> minFreeCheckInterval{this, 5, "min-free-check-interval",
         "Number of seconds between checking free disk space."};
 
-    Setting<Paths> pluginFiles{
+    PluginFilesSetting pluginFiles{
         this, {}, "plugin-files",
         R"(
           A list of plugin files to be loaded by Nix. Each of these files will
@@ -848,6 +848,9 @@ public:
           command, and RegisterSetting to add new nix config settings. See the
           constructors for those types for more details.
 
+          Warning! These APIs are inherently unstable and may change from
+          release to release.
+
           Since these files are loaded into the same address space as Nix
           itself, they must be DSOs compatible with the instance of Nix
           running at the time (i.e. compiled against the same headers, not
@@ -886,7 +889,7 @@ public:
           Example `~/.config/nix/nix.conf`:
 
           ```
-          access-tokens = "github.com=23ac...b289 gitlab.mycompany.com=PAT:A123Bp_Cd..EfG gitlab.com=OAuth2:1jklw3jk"
+          access-tokens = github.com=23ac...b289 gitlab.mycompany.com=PAT:A123Bp_Cd..EfG gitlab.com=OAuth2:1jklw3jk
           ```
 
           Example `~/code/flake.nix`:
diff --git a/src/libstore/http-binary-cache-store.cc b/src/libstore/http-binary-cache-store.cc
index 9d2a89f96..0a3afcd51 100644
--- a/src/libstore/http-binary-cache-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/http-binary-cache-store.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ struct HttpBinaryCacheStoreConfig : virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig
     const std::string name() override { return "Http Binary Cache Store"; }
 };
 
-class HttpBinaryCacheStore : public BinaryCacheStore, public HttpBinaryCacheStoreConfig
+class HttpBinaryCacheStore : public virtual HttpBinaryCacheStoreConfig, public virtual BinaryCacheStore
 {
 private:
 
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ public:
         const Path & _cacheUri,
         const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , BinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , HttpBinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , Store(params)
         , BinaryCacheStore(params)
         , cacheUri(scheme + "://" + _cacheUri)
     {
diff --git a/src/libstore/legacy-ssh-store.cc b/src/libstore/legacy-ssh-store.cc
index e440536df..af518ac30 100644
--- a/src/libstore/legacy-ssh-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/legacy-ssh-store.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct LegacySSHStoreConfig : virtual StoreConfig
     const std::string name() override { return "Legacy SSH Store"; }
 };
 
-struct LegacySSHStore : public Store, public virtual LegacySSHStoreConfig
+struct LegacySSHStore : public virtual LegacySSHStoreConfig, public virtual Store
 {
     // Hack for getting remote build log output.
     // Intentionally not in `LegacySSHStoreConfig` so that it doesn't appear in
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ struct LegacySSHStore : public Store, public virtual LegacySSHStoreConfig
 
     LegacySSHStore(const string & scheme, const string & host, const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , LegacySSHStoreConfig(params)
         , Store(params)
         , host(host)
         , connections(make_ref<Pool<Connection>>(
@@ -332,6 +333,10 @@ public:
         auto conn(connections->get());
         return conn->remoteVersion;
     }
+
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput&) override
+    // TODO: Implement
+    { unsupported("queryRealisation"); }
 };
 
 static RegisterStoreImplementation<LegacySSHStore, LegacySSHStoreConfig> regLegacySSHStore;
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-binary-cache-store.cc b/src/libstore/local-binary-cache-store.cc
index 7d979c5c2..a58b7733f 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-binary-cache-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/local-binary-cache-store.cc
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ struct LocalBinaryCacheStoreConfig : virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig
     const std::string name() override { return "Local Binary Cache Store"; }
 };
 
-class LocalBinaryCacheStore : public BinaryCacheStore, public virtual LocalBinaryCacheStoreConfig
+class LocalBinaryCacheStore : public virtual LocalBinaryCacheStoreConfig, public virtual BinaryCacheStore
 {
 private:
 
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ public:
         const Path & binaryCacheDir,
         const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , BinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , LocalBinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , Store(params)
         , BinaryCacheStore(params)
         , binaryCacheDir(binaryCacheDir)
     {
@@ -87,6 +90,7 @@ protected:
 void LocalBinaryCacheStore::init()
 {
     createDirs(binaryCacheDir + "/nar");
+    createDirs(binaryCacheDir + realisationsPrefix);
     if (writeDebugInfo)
         createDirs(binaryCacheDir + "/debuginfo");
     BinaryCacheStore::init();
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-fs-store.cc b/src/libstore/local-fs-store.cc
index e7c3dae92..6de13c73a 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-fs-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/local-fs-store.cc
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ struct LocalStoreAccessor : public FSAccessor
 
     LocalStoreAccessor(ref<LocalFSStore> store) : store(store) { }
 
-    Path toRealPath(const Path & path)
+    Path toRealPath(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath = true)
     {
         auto storePath = store->toStorePath(path).first;
-        if (!store->isValidPath(storePath))
+        if (requireValidPath && !store->isValidPath(storePath))
             throw InvalidPath("path '%1%' is not a valid store path", store->printStorePath(storePath));
         return store->getRealStoreDir() + std::string(path, store->storeDir.size());
     }
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ struct LocalStoreAccessor : public FSAccessor
         return res;
     }
 
-    std::string readFile(const Path & path) override
+    std::string readFile(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath = true) override
     {
-        return nix::readFile(toRealPath(path));
+        return nix::readFile(toRealPath(path, requireValidPath));
     }
 
     std::string readLink(const Path & path) override
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-fs-store.hh b/src/libstore/local-fs-store.hh
index 8eccd8236..55941b771 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-fs-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/local-fs-store.hh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct LocalFSStoreConfig : virtual StoreConfig
         "log", "directory where Nix will store state"};
 };
 
-class LocalFSStore : public virtual Store, public virtual LocalFSStoreConfig
+class LocalFSStore : public virtual LocalFSStoreConfig, public virtual Store
 {
 public:
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-store.cc b/src/libstore/local-store.cc
index b26167aca..44a3cd170 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/local-store.cc
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "nar-info.hh"
 #include "references.hh"
 #include "callback.hh"
+#include "topo-sort.hh"
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -41,9 +42,68 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
+struct LocalStore::State::Stmts {
+    /* Some precompiled SQLite statements. */
+    SQLiteStmt RegisterValidPath;
+    SQLiteStmt UpdatePathInfo;
+    SQLiteStmt AddReference;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryPathInfo;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryReferences;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryReferrers;
+    SQLiteStmt InvalidatePath;
+    SQLiteStmt AddDerivationOutput;
+    SQLiteStmt RegisterRealisedOutput;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryValidDerivers;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryDerivationOutputs;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryRealisedOutput;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryAllRealisedOutputs;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryPathFromHashPart;
+    SQLiteStmt QueryValidPaths;
+};
+
+int getSchema(Path schemaPath)
+{
+    int curSchema = 0;
+    if (pathExists(schemaPath)) {
+        string s = readFile(schemaPath);
+        auto n = string2Int<int>(s);
+        if (!n)
+            throw Error("'%1%' is corrupt", schemaPath);
+        curSchema = *n;
+    }
+    return curSchema;
+}
+
+void migrateCASchema(SQLite& db, Path schemaPath, AutoCloseFD& lockFd)
+{
+    const int nixCASchemaVersion = 1;
+    int curCASchema = getSchema(schemaPath);
+    if (curCASchema != nixCASchemaVersion) {
+        if (curCASchema > nixCASchemaVersion) {
+            throw Error("current Nix store ca-schema is version %1%, but I only support %2%",
+                 curCASchema, nixCASchemaVersion);
+        }
+
+        if (!lockFile(lockFd.get(), ltWrite, false)) {
+            printInfo("waiting for exclusive access to the Nix store for ca drvs...");
+            lockFile(lockFd.get(), ltWrite, true);
+        }
+
+        if (curCASchema == 0) {
+            static const char schema[] =
+              #include "ca-specific-schema.sql.gen.hh"
+                ;
+            db.exec(schema);
+        }
+        writeFile(schemaPath, fmt("%d", nixCASchemaVersion));
+        lockFile(lockFd.get(), ltRead, true);
+    }
+}
 
 LocalStore::LocalStore(const Params & params)
     : StoreConfig(params)
+    , LocalFSStoreConfig(params)
+    , LocalStoreConfig(params)
     , Store(params)
     , LocalFSStore(params)
     , realStoreDir_{this, false, rootDir != "" ? rootDir + "/nix/store" : storeDir, "real",
@@ -59,6 +119,7 @@ LocalStore::LocalStore(const Params & params)
     , locksHeld(tokenizeString<PathSet>(getEnv("NIX_HELD_LOCKS").value_or("")))
 {
     auto state(_state.lock());
+    state->stmts = std::make_unique<State::Stmts>();
 
     /* Create missing state directories if they don't already exist. */
     createDirs(realStoreDir);
@@ -89,12 +150,7 @@ LocalStore::LocalStore(const Params & params)
 
         struct group * gr = getgrnam(settings.buildUsersGroup.get().c_str());
         if (!gr)
-            logError({
-                .name = "'build-users-group' not found",
-                .hint = hintfmt(
-                    "warning: the group '%1%' specified in 'build-users-group' does not exist",
-                    settings.buildUsersGroup)
-            });
+            printError("warning: the group '%1%' specified in 'build-users-group' does not exist", settings.buildUsersGroup);
         else {
             struct stat st;
             if (stat(realStoreDir.c_str(), &st))
@@ -221,32 +277,58 @@ LocalStore::LocalStore(const Params & params)
 
     else openDB(*state, false);
 
+    if (settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations")) {
+        migrateCASchema(state->db, dbDir + "/ca-schema", globalLock);
+    }
+
     /* Prepare SQL statements. */
-    state->stmtRegisterValidPath.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->RegisterValidPath.create(state->db,
         "insert into ValidPaths (path, hash, registrationTime, deriver, narSize, ultimate, sigs, ca) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?);");
-    state->stmtUpdatePathInfo.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->UpdatePathInfo.create(state->db,
         "update ValidPaths set narSize = ?, hash = ?, ultimate = ?, sigs = ?, ca = ? where path = ?;");
-    state->stmtAddReference.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->AddReference.create(state->db,
         "insert or replace into Refs (referrer, reference) values (?, ?);");
-    state->stmtQueryPathInfo.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryPathInfo.create(state->db,
         "select id, hash, registrationTime, deriver, narSize, ultimate, sigs, ca from ValidPaths where path = ?;");
-    state->stmtQueryReferences.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryReferences.create(state->db,
         "select path from Refs join ValidPaths on reference = id where referrer = ?;");
-    state->stmtQueryReferrers.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryReferrers.create(state->db,
         "select path from Refs join ValidPaths on referrer = id where reference = (select id from ValidPaths where path = ?);");
-    state->stmtInvalidatePath.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->InvalidatePath.create(state->db,
         "delete from ValidPaths where path = ?;");
-    state->stmtAddDerivationOutput.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->AddDerivationOutput.create(state->db,
         "insert or replace into DerivationOutputs (drv, id, path) values (?, ?, ?);");
-    state->stmtQueryValidDerivers.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryValidDerivers.create(state->db,
         "select v.id, v.path from DerivationOutputs d join ValidPaths v on d.drv = v.id where d.path = ?;");
-    state->stmtQueryDerivationOutputs.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryDerivationOutputs.create(state->db,
         "select id, path from DerivationOutputs where drv = ?;");
     // Use "path >= ?" with limit 1 rather than "path like '?%'" to
     // ensure efficient lookup.
-    state->stmtQueryPathFromHashPart.create(state->db,
+    state->stmts->QueryPathFromHashPart.create(state->db,
         "select path from ValidPaths where path >= ? limit 1;");
-    state->stmtQueryValidPaths.create(state->db, "select path from ValidPaths");
+    state->stmts->QueryValidPaths.create(state->db, "select path from ValidPaths");
+    if (settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations")) {
+        state->stmts->RegisterRealisedOutput.create(state->db,
+            R"(
+                insert or replace into Realisations (drvPath, outputName, outputPath)
+                values (?, ?, (select id from ValidPaths where path = ?))
+                ;
+            )");
+        state->stmts->QueryRealisedOutput.create(state->db,
+            R"(
+                select Output.path from Realisations
+                    inner join ValidPaths as Output on Output.id = Realisations.outputPath
+                    where drvPath = ? and outputName = ?
+                    ;
+            )");
+        state->stmts->QueryAllRealisedOutputs.create(state->db,
+            R"(
+                select outputName, Output.path from Realisations
+                    inner join ValidPaths as Output on Output.id = Realisations.outputPath
+                    where drvPath = ?
+                    ;
+            )");
+    }
 }
 
 
@@ -284,16 +366,7 @@ std::string LocalStore::getUri()
 
 
 int LocalStore::getSchema()
-{
-    int curSchema = 0;
-    if (pathExists(schemaPath)) {
-        string s = readFile(schemaPath);
-        if (!string2Int(s, curSchema))
-            throw Error("'%1%' is corrupt", schemaPath);
-    }
-    return curSchema;
-}
-
+{ return nix::getSchema(schemaPath); }
 
 void LocalStore::openDB(State & state, bool create)
 {
@@ -573,21 +646,29 @@ void LocalStore::checkDerivationOutputs(const StorePath & drvPath, const Derivat
             [&](DerivationOutputCAFloating _) {
                 /* Nothing to check */
             },
+            [&](DerivationOutputDeferred) {
+            },
         }, i.second.output);
     }
 }
 
 
-void LocalStore::linkDeriverToPath(const StorePath & deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output)
+void LocalStore::registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info)
 {
     auto state(_state.lock());
-    return linkDeriverToPath(*state, queryValidPathId(*state, deriver), outputName, output);
+    retrySQLite<void>([&]() {
+        state->stmts->RegisterRealisedOutput.use()
+            (info.id.strHash())
+            (info.id.outputName)
+            (printStorePath(info.outPath))
+            .exec();
+    });
 }
 
-void LocalStore::linkDeriverToPath(State & state, uint64_t deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output)
+void LocalStore::cacheDrvOutputMapping(State & state, const uint64_t deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output)
 {
     retrySQLite<void>([&]() {
-        state.stmtAddDerivationOutput.use()
+        state.stmts->AddDerivationOutput.use()
             (deriver)
             (outputName)
             (printStorePath(output))
@@ -604,7 +685,7 @@ uint64_t LocalStore::addValidPath(State & state,
         throw Error("cannot add path '%s' to the Nix store because it claims to be content-addressed but isn't",
             printStorePath(info.path));
 
-    state.stmtRegisterValidPath.use()
+    state.stmts->RegisterValidPath.use()
         (printStorePath(info.path))
         (info.narHash.to_string(Base16, true))
         (info.registrationTime == 0 ? time(0) : info.registrationTime)
@@ -621,7 +702,7 @@ uint64_t LocalStore::addValidPath(State & state,
        efficiently query whether a path is an output of some
        derivation. */
     if (info.path.isDerivation()) {
-        auto drv = readDerivation(info.path);
+        auto drv = readInvalidDerivation(info.path);
 
         /* Verify that the output paths in the derivation are correct
            (i.e., follow the scheme for computing output paths from
@@ -634,7 +715,7 @@ uint64_t LocalStore::addValidPath(State & state,
             /* Floating CA derivations have indeterminate output paths until
                they are built, so don't register anything in that case */
             if (i.second.second)
-                linkDeriverToPath(state, id, i.first, *i.second.second);
+                cacheDrvOutputMapping(state, id, i.first, *i.second.second);
         }
     }
 
@@ -652,63 +733,67 @@ void LocalStore::queryPathInfoUncached(const StorePath & path,
     Callback<std::shared_ptr<const ValidPathInfo>> callback) noexcept
 {
     try {
-        callback(retrySQLite<std::shared_ptr<ValidPathInfo>>([&]() {
+        callback(retrySQLite<std::shared_ptr<const ValidPathInfo>>([&]() {
             auto state(_state.lock());
+            return queryPathInfoInternal(*state, path);
+        }));
 
-            /* Get the path info. */
-            auto useQueryPathInfo(state->stmtQueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)));
+    } catch (...) { callback.rethrow(); }
+}
 
-            if (!useQueryPathInfo.next())
-                return std::shared_ptr<ValidPathInfo>();
 
-            auto id = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(0);
+std::shared_ptr<const ValidPathInfo> LocalStore::queryPathInfoInternal(State & state, const StorePath & path)
+{
+    /* Get the path info. */
+    auto useQueryPathInfo(state.stmts->QueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)));
 
-            auto narHash = Hash::dummy;
-            try {
-                narHash = Hash::parseAnyPrefixed(useQueryPathInfo.getStr(1));
-            } catch (BadHash & e) {
-                throw Error("invalid-path entry for '%s': %s", printStorePath(path), e.what());
-            }
+    if (!useQueryPathInfo.next())
+        return std::shared_ptr<ValidPathInfo>();
 
-            auto info = std::make_shared<ValidPathInfo>(path, narHash);
+    auto id = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(0);
 
-            info->id = id;
+    auto narHash = Hash::dummy;
+    try {
+        narHash = Hash::parseAnyPrefixed(useQueryPathInfo.getStr(1));
+    } catch (BadHash & e) {
+        throw Error("invalid-path entry for '%s': %s", printStorePath(path), e.what());
+    }
 
-            info->registrationTime = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(2);
+    auto info = std::make_shared<ValidPathInfo>(path, narHash);
 
-            auto s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state->stmtQueryPathInfo, 3);
-            if (s) info->deriver = parseStorePath(s);
+    info->id = id;
 
-            /* Note that narSize = NULL yields 0. */
-            info->narSize = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(4);
+    info->registrationTime = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(2);
 
-            info->ultimate = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(5) == 1;
+    auto s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state.stmts->QueryPathInfo, 3);
+    if (s) info->deriver = parseStorePath(s);
 
-            s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state->stmtQueryPathInfo, 6);
-            if (s) info->sigs = tokenizeString<StringSet>(s, " ");
+    /* Note that narSize = NULL yields 0. */
+    info->narSize = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(4);
 
-            s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state->stmtQueryPathInfo, 7);
-            if (s) info->ca = parseContentAddressOpt(s);
+    info->ultimate = useQueryPathInfo.getInt(5) == 1;
 
-            /* Get the references. */
-            auto useQueryReferences(state->stmtQueryReferences.use()(info->id));
+    s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state.stmts->QueryPathInfo, 6);
+    if (s) info->sigs = tokenizeString<StringSet>(s, " ");
 
-            while (useQueryReferences.next()) {
-                info->insertReferencePossiblyToSelf(
-                    parseStorePath(useQueryReferences.getStr(0)));
-            }
+    s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state.stmts->QueryPathInfo, 7);
+    if (s) info->ca = parseContentAddressOpt(s);
 
-            return info;
-        }));
+    /* Get the references. */
+    auto useQueryReferences(state.stmts->QueryReferences.use()(info->id));
 
-    } catch (...) { callback.rethrow(); }
+    while (useQueryReferences.next())
+        info->insertReferencePossiblyToSelf(
+            parseStorePath(useQueryReferences.getStr(0)));
+
+    return info;
 }
 
 
 /* Update path info in the database. */
 void LocalStore::updatePathInfo(State & state, const ValidPathInfo & info)
 {
-    state.stmtUpdatePathInfo.use()
+    state.stmts->UpdatePathInfo.use()
         (info.narSize, info.narSize != 0)
         (info.narHash.to_string(Base16, true))
         (info.ultimate ? 1 : 0, info.ultimate)
@@ -721,7 +806,7 @@ void LocalStore::updatePathInfo(State & state, const ValidPathInfo & info)
 
 uint64_t LocalStore::queryValidPathId(State & state, const StorePath & path)
 {
-    auto use(state.stmtQueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)));
+    auto use(state.stmts->QueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)));
     if (!use.next())
         throw InvalidPath("path '%s' is not valid", printStorePath(path));
     return use.getInt(0);
@@ -730,7 +815,7 @@ uint64_t LocalStore::queryValidPathId(State & state, const StorePath & path)
 
 bool LocalStore::isValidPath_(State & state, const StorePath & path)
 {
-    return state.stmtQueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)).next();
+    return state.stmts->QueryPathInfo.use()(printStorePath(path)).next();
 }
 
 
@@ -756,7 +841,7 @@ StorePathSet LocalStore::queryAllValidPaths()
 {
     return retrySQLite<StorePathSet>([&]() {
         auto state(_state.lock());
-        auto use(state->stmtQueryValidPaths.use());
+        auto use(state->stmts->QueryValidPaths.use());
         StorePathSet res;
         while (use.next()) res.insert(parseStorePath(use.getStr(0)));
         return res;
@@ -766,7 +851,7 @@ StorePathSet LocalStore::queryAllValidPaths()
 
 void LocalStore::queryReferrers(State & state, const StorePath & path, StorePathSet & referrers)
 {
-    auto useQueryReferrers(state.stmtQueryReferrers.use()(printStorePath(path)));
+    auto useQueryReferrers(state.stmts->QueryReferrers.use()(printStorePath(path)));
 
     while (useQueryReferrers.next())
         referrers.insert(parseStorePath(useQueryReferrers.getStr(0)));
@@ -787,7 +872,7 @@ StorePathSet LocalStore::queryValidDerivers(const StorePath & path)
     return retrySQLite<StorePathSet>([&]() {
         auto state(_state.lock());
 
-        auto useQueryValidDerivers(state->stmtQueryValidDerivers.use()(printStorePath(path)));
+        auto useQueryValidDerivers(state->stmts->QueryValidDerivers.use()(printStorePath(path)));
 
         StorePathSet derivers;
         while (useQueryValidDerivers.next())
@@ -798,69 +883,38 @@ StorePathSet LocalStore::queryValidDerivers(const StorePath & path)
 }
 
 
-std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> LocalStore::queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path_)
+std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>>
+LocalStore::queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path_)
 {
     auto path = path_;
-    std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> outputs;
-    Derivation drv = readDerivation(path);
-    for (auto & [outName, _] : drv.outputs) {
-        outputs.insert_or_assign(outName, std::nullopt);
-    }
-    bool haveCached = false;
-    {
-        auto resolutions = drvPathResolutions.lock();
-        auto resolvedPathOptIter = resolutions->find(path);
-        if (resolvedPathOptIter != resolutions->end()) {
-            auto & [_, resolvedPathOpt] = *resolvedPathOptIter;
-            if (resolvedPathOpt)
-                path = *resolvedPathOpt;
-            haveCached = true;
-        }
-    }
-    /* can't just use else-if instead of `!haveCached` because we need to unlock
-       `drvPathResolutions` before it is locked in `Derivation::resolve`. */
-    if (!haveCached && drv.type() == DerivationType::CAFloating) {
-        /* Try resolve drv and use that path instead. */
-        auto attempt = drv.tryResolve(*this);
-        if (!attempt)
-            /* If we cannot resolve the derivation, we cannot have any path
-               assigned so we return the map of all std::nullopts. */
-            return outputs;
-        /* Just compute store path */
-        auto pathResolved = writeDerivation(*this, *std::move(attempt), NoRepair, true);
-        /* Store in memo table. */
-        /* FIXME: memo logic should not be local-store specific, should have
-           wrapper-method instead. */
-        drvPathResolutions.lock()->insert_or_assign(path, pathResolved);
-        path = std::move(pathResolved);
-    }
-    return retrySQLite<std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>>>([&]() {
+    auto outputs = retrySQLite<std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>>>([&]() {
         auto state(_state.lock());
-
+        std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> outputs;
         uint64_t drvId;
-        try {
-            drvId = queryValidPathId(*state, path);
-        } catch (InvalidPath &) {
-            /* FIXME? if the derivation doesn't exist, we cannot have a mapping
-               for it. */
-            return outputs;
-        }
-
-        auto useQueryDerivationOutputs {
-            state->stmtQueryDerivationOutputs.use()
-            (drvId)
-        };
-
-        while (useQueryDerivationOutputs.next())
+        drvId = queryValidPathId(*state, path);
+        auto use(state->stmts->QueryDerivationOutputs.use()(drvId));
+        while (use.next())
             outputs.insert_or_assign(
-                useQueryDerivationOutputs.getStr(0),
-                parseStorePath(useQueryDerivationOutputs.getStr(1))
-            );
+                use.getStr(0), parseStorePath(use.getStr(1)));
 
         return outputs;
     });
-}
 
+    if (!settings.isExperimentalFeatureEnabled("ca-derivations"))
+        return outputs;
+
+    auto drv = readInvalidDerivation(path);
+    auto drvHashes = staticOutputHashes(*this, drv);
+    for (auto& [outputName, hash] : drvHashes) {
+        auto realisation = queryRealisation(DrvOutput{hash, outputName});
+        if (realisation)
+            outputs.insert_or_assign(outputName, realisation->outPath);
+        else
+            outputs.insert({outputName, std::nullopt});
+    }
+
+    return outputs;
+}
 
 std::optional<StorePath> LocalStore::queryPathFromHashPart(const std::string & hashPart)
 {
@@ -871,11 +925,11 @@ std::optional<StorePath> LocalStore::queryPathFromHashPart(const std::string & h
     return retrySQLite<std::optional<StorePath>>([&]() -> std::optional<StorePath> {
         auto state(_state.lock());
 
-        auto useQueryPathFromHashPart(state->stmtQueryPathFromHashPart.use()(prefix));
+        auto useQueryPathFromHashPart(state->stmts->QueryPathFromHashPart.use()(prefix));
 
         if (!useQueryPathFromHashPart.next()) return {};
 
-        const char * s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state->stmtQueryPathFromHashPart, 0);
+        const char * s = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(state->stmts->QueryPathFromHashPart, 0);
         if (s && prefix.compare(0, prefix.size(), s, prefix.size()) == 0)
             return parseStorePath(s);
         return {};
@@ -964,9 +1018,7 @@ void LocalStore::querySubstitutablePathInfos(const StorePathCAMap & paths, Subst
 
 void LocalStore::registerValidPath(const ValidPathInfo & info)
 {
-    ValidPathInfos infos;
-    infos.push_back(info);
-    registerValidPaths(infos);
+    registerValidPaths({{info.path, info}});
 }
 
 
@@ -984,7 +1036,7 @@ void LocalStore::registerValidPaths(const ValidPathInfos & infos)
         SQLiteTxn txn(state->db);
         StorePathSet paths;
 
-        for (auto & i : infos) {
+        for (auto & [_, i] : infos) {
             assert(i.narHash.type == htSHA256);
             if (isValidPath_(*state, i.path))
                 updatePathInfo(*state, i);
@@ -993,26 +1045,37 @@ void LocalStore::registerValidPaths(const ValidPathInfos & infos)
             paths.insert(i.path);
         }
 
-        for (auto & i : infos) {
+        for (auto & [_, i] : infos) {
             auto referrer = queryValidPathId(*state, i.path);
             for (auto & j : i.referencesPossiblyToSelf())
-                state->stmtAddReference.use()(referrer)(queryValidPathId(*state, j)).exec();
+                state->stmts->AddReference.use()(referrer)(queryValidPathId(*state, j)).exec();
         }
 
         /* Check that the derivation outputs are correct.  We can't do
            this in addValidPath() above, because the references might
            not be valid yet. */
-        for (auto & i : infos)
+        for (auto & [_, i] : infos)
             if (i.path.isDerivation()) {
                 // FIXME: inefficient; we already loaded the derivation in addValidPath().
-                checkDerivationOutputs(i.path, readDerivation(i.path));
+                checkDerivationOutputs(i.path,
+                    readInvalidDerivation(i.path));
             }
 
         /* Do a topological sort of the paths.  This will throw an
            error if a cycle is detected and roll back the
            transaction.  Cycles can only occur when a derivation
            has multiple outputs. */
-        topoSortPaths(paths);
+        topoSort(paths,
+            {[&](const StorePath & path) {
+                auto i = infos.find(path);
+                return i == infos.end() ? StorePathSet() : i->second.references;
+            }},
+            {[&](const StorePath & path, const StorePath & parent) {
+                return BuildError(
+                    "cycle detected in the references of '%s' from '%s'",
+                    printStorePath(path),
+                    printStorePath(parent));
+            }});
 
         txn.commit();
     });
@@ -1025,7 +1088,7 @@ void LocalStore::invalidatePath(State & state, const StorePath & path)
 {
     debug("invalidating path '%s'", printStorePath(path));
 
-    state.stmtInvalidatePath.use()(printStorePath(path)).exec();
+    state.stmts->InvalidatePath.use()(printStorePath(path)).exec();
 
     /* Note that the foreign key constraints on the Refs table take
        care of deleting the references entries for `path'. */
@@ -1036,7 +1099,6 @@ void LocalStore::invalidatePath(State & state, const StorePath & path)
     }
 }
 
-
 const PublicKeys & LocalStore::getPublicKeys()
 {
     auto state(_state.lock());
@@ -1045,11 +1107,15 @@ const PublicKeys & LocalStore::getPublicKeys()
     return *state->publicKeys;
 }
 
+bool LocalStore::pathInfoIsTrusted(const ValidPathInfo & info)
+{
+    return requireSigs && !info.checkSignatures(*this, getPublicKeys());
+}
 
 void LocalStore::addToStore(const ValidPathInfo & info, Source & source,
     RepairFlag repair, CheckSigsFlag checkSigs)
 {
-    if (requireSigs && checkSigs && !info.checkSignatures(*this, getPublicKeys()))
+    if (checkSigs && pathInfoIsTrusted(info))
         throw Error("cannot add path '%s' because it lacks a valid signature", printStorePath(info.path));
 
     addTempRoot(info.path);
@@ -1089,11 +1155,11 @@ void LocalStore::addToStore(const ValidPathInfo & info, Source & source,
             auto hashResult = hashSink->finish();
 
             if (hashResult.first != info.narHash)
-                throw Error("hash mismatch importing path '%s';\n  wanted: %s\n  got:    %s",
+                throw Error("hash mismatch importing path '%s';\n  specified: %s\n  got:       %s",
                     printStorePath(info.path), info.narHash.to_string(Base32, true), hashResult.first.to_string(Base32, true));
 
             if (hashResult.second != info.narSize)
-                throw Error("size mismatch importing path '%s';\n  wanted: %s\n  got:   %s",
+                throw Error("size mismatch importing path '%s';\n  specified: %s\n  got:       %s",
                     printStorePath(info.path), info.narSize, hashResult.second);
 
             autoGC();
@@ -1137,7 +1203,7 @@ StorePath LocalStore::addToStoreFromDump(Source & source0, const string & name,
         dump.resize(oldSize + want);
         auto got = 0;
         try {
-            got = source.read((uint8_t *) dump.data() + oldSize, want);
+            got = source.read(dump.data() + oldSize, want);
         } catch (EndOfFile &) {
             inMemory = true;
             break;
@@ -1353,12 +1419,8 @@ bool LocalStore::verifyStore(bool checkContents, RepairFlag repair)
             Path linkPath = linksDir + "/" + link.name;
             string hash = hashPath(htSHA256, linkPath).first.to_string(Base32, false);
             if (hash != link.name) {
-                logError({
-                    .name = "Invalid hash",
-                    .hint = hintfmt(
-                        "link '%s' was modified! expected hash '%s', got '%s'",
-                        linkPath, link.name, hash)
-                });
+                printError("link '%s' was modified! expected hash '%s', got '%s'",
+                    linkPath, link.name, hash);
                 if (repair) {
                     if (unlink(linkPath.c_str()) == 0)
                         printInfo("removed link '%s'", linkPath);
@@ -1391,11 +1453,8 @@ bool LocalStore::verifyStore(bool checkContents, RepairFlag repair)
                 auto current = hashSink->finish();
 
                 if (info->narHash != nullHash && info->narHash != current.first) {
-                    logError({
-                        .name = "Invalid hash - path modified",
-                        .hint = hintfmt("path '%s' was modified! expected hash '%s', got '%s'",
-                        printStorePath(i), info->narHash.to_string(Base32, true), current.first.to_string(Base32, true))
-                    });
+                    printError("path '%s' was modified! expected hash '%s', got '%s'",
+                        printStorePath(i), info->narHash.to_string(Base32, true), current.first.to_string(Base32, true));
                     if (repair) repairPath(i); else errors = true;
                 } else {
 
@@ -1446,10 +1505,7 @@ void LocalStore::verifyPath(const Path & pathS, const StringSet & store,
     if (!done.insert(pathS).second) return;
 
     if (!isStorePath(pathS)) {
-        logError({
-            .name = "Nix path not found",
-            .hint = hintfmt("path '%s' is not in the Nix store", pathS)
-        });
+        printError("path '%s' is not in the Nix store", pathS);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1472,10 +1528,7 @@ void LocalStore::verifyPath(const Path & pathS, const StringSet & store,
             auto state(_state.lock());
             invalidatePath(*state, path);
         } else {
-            logError({
-                .name = "Missing path with referrers",
-                .hint = hintfmt("path '%s' disappeared, but it still has valid referrers!", pathS)
-            });
+            printError("path '%s' disappeared, but it still has valid referrers!", pathS);
             if (repair)
                 try {
                     repairPath(path);
@@ -1565,7 +1618,7 @@ void LocalStore::addSignatures(const StorePath & storePath, const StringSet & si
 
         SQLiteTxn txn(state->db);
 
-        auto info = std::const_pointer_cast<ValidPathInfo>(std::shared_ptr<const ValidPathInfo>(queryPathInfo(storePath)));
+        auto info = std::const_pointer_cast<ValidPathInfo>(queryPathInfoInternal(*state, storePath));
 
         info->sigs.insert(sigs.begin(), sigs.end());
 
@@ -1603,5 +1656,18 @@ void LocalStore::createUser(const std::string & userName, uid_t userId)
     }
 }
 
-
+std::optional<const Realisation> LocalStore::queryRealisation(
+    const DrvOutput& id) {
+    typedef std::optional<const Realisation> Ret;
+    return retrySQLite<Ret>([&]() -> Ret {
+        auto state(_state.lock());
+        auto use(state->stmts->QueryRealisedOutput.use()(id.strHash())(
+            id.outputName));
+        if (!use.next())
+            return std::nullopt;
+        auto outputPath = parseStorePath(use.getStr(0));
+        return Ret{
+            Realisation{.id = id, .outPath = outputPath}};
+    });
 }
+}  // namespace nix
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-store.hh b/src/libstore/local-store.hh
index f1e2ab7f9..780cc0f07 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/local-store.hh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ struct LocalStoreConfig : virtual LocalFSStoreConfig
 };
 
 
-class LocalStore : public LocalFSStore, public virtual LocalStoreConfig
+class LocalStore : public virtual LocalStoreConfig, public virtual LocalFSStore
 {
 private:
 
@@ -55,19 +55,8 @@ private:
         /* The SQLite database object. */
         SQLite db;
 
-        /* Some precompiled SQLite statements. */
-        SQLiteStmt stmtRegisterValidPath;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtUpdatePathInfo;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtAddReference;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryPathInfo;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryReferences;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryReferrers;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtInvalidatePath;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtAddDerivationOutput;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryValidDerivers;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryDerivationOutputs;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryPathFromHashPart;
-        SQLiteStmt stmtQueryValidPaths;
+        struct Stmts;
+        std::unique_ptr<Stmts> stmts;
 
         /* The file to which we write our temporary roots. */
         AutoCloseFD fdTempRoots;
@@ -90,7 +79,7 @@ private:
         std::unique_ptr<PublicKeys> publicKeys;
     };
 
-    Sync<State, std::recursive_mutex> _state;
+    Sync<State> _state;
 
 public:
 
@@ -147,6 +136,8 @@ public:
     void querySubstitutablePathInfos(const StorePathCAMap & paths,
         SubstitutablePathInfos & infos) override;
 
+    bool pathInfoIsTrusted(const ValidPathInfo &) override;
+
     void addToStore(const ValidPathInfo & info, Source & source,
         RepairFlag repair, CheckSigsFlag checkSigs) override;
 
@@ -156,15 +147,6 @@ public:
     StorePath addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s,
         const StorePathSet & references, RepairFlag repair) override;
 
-    void buildPaths(
-        const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & paths,
-        BuildMode buildMode) override;
-
-    BuildResult buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
-        BuildMode buildMode) override;
-
-    void ensurePath(const StorePath & path) override;
-
     void addTempRoot(const StorePath & path) override;
 
     void addIndirectRoot(const Path & path) override;
@@ -209,9 +191,7 @@ public:
 
     void vacuumDB();
 
-    /* Repair the contents of the given path by redownloading it using
-       a substituter (if available). */
-    void repairPath(const StorePath & path);
+    void repairPath(const StorePath & path) override;
 
     void addSignatures(const StorePath & storePath, const StringSet & sigs) override;
 
@@ -219,6 +199,13 @@ public:
        garbage until it exceeds maxFree. */
     void autoGC(bool sync = true);
 
+    /* Register the store path 'output' as the output named 'outputName' of
+       derivation 'deriver'. */
+    void registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info) override;
+    void cacheDrvOutputMapping(State & state, const uint64_t deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output);
+
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput&) override;
+
 private:
 
     int getSchema();
@@ -239,6 +226,8 @@ private:
     void verifyPath(const Path & path, const StringSet & store,
         PathSet & done, StorePathSet & validPaths, RepairFlag repair, bool & errors);
 
+    std::shared_ptr<const ValidPathInfo> queryPathInfoInternal(State & state, const StorePath & path);
+
     void updatePathInfo(State & state, const ValidPathInfo & info);
 
     void upgradeStore6();
@@ -287,17 +276,12 @@ private:
        specified by the ‘secret-key-files’ option. */
     void signPathInfo(ValidPathInfo & info);
 
-    /* Register the store path 'output' as the output named 'outputName' of
-       derivation 'deriver'. */
-    void linkDeriverToPath(const StorePath & deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output);
-    void linkDeriverToPath(State & state, uint64_t deriver, const string & outputName, const StorePath & output);
-
     Path getRealStoreDir() override { return realStoreDir; }
 
     void createUser(const std::string & userName, uid_t userId) override;
 
-    friend class DerivationGoal;
-    friend class SubstitutionGoal;
+    friend struct DerivationGoal;
+    friend struct SubstitutionGoal;
 };
 
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/local.mk b/src/libstore/local.mk
index dfe1e2cc4..03c4351ac 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local.mk
+++ b/src/libstore/local.mk
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ifneq ($(sandbox_shell),)
 libstore_CXXFLAGS += -DSANDBOX_SHELL="\"$(sandbox_shell)\""
 endif
 
-$(d)/local-store.cc: $(d)/schema.sql.gen.hh
+$(d)/local-store.cc: $(d)/schema.sql.gen.hh $(d)/ca-specific-schema.sql.gen.hh
 
 $(d)/build.cc:
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ $(d)/build.cc:
 	@echo ')foo"' >> $@.tmp
 	@mv $@.tmp $@
 
-clean-files += $(d)/schema.sql.gen.hh
+clean-files += $(d)/schema.sql.gen.hh $(d)/ca-specific-schema.sql.gen.hh
 
 $(eval $(call install-file-in, $(d)/nix-store.pc, $(prefix)/lib/pkgconfig, 0644))
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/names.cc b/src/libstore/names.cc
index 41e28dc99..ce808accc 100644
--- a/src/libstore/names.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/names.cc
@@ -80,16 +80,16 @@ string nextComponent(string::const_iterator & p,
 
 static bool componentsLT(const string & c1, const string & c2)
 {
-    int n1, n2;
-    bool c1Num = string2Int(c1, n1), c2Num = string2Int(c2, n2);
+    auto n1 = string2Int<int>(c1);
+    auto n2 = string2Int<int>(c2);
 
-    if (c1Num && c2Num) return n1 < n2;
-    else if (c1 == "" && c2Num) return true;
+    if (n1 && n2) return *n1 < *n2;
+    else if (c1 == "" && n2) return true;
     else if (c1 == "pre" && c2 != "pre") return true;
     else if (c2 == "pre") return false;
     /* Assume that `2.3a' < `2.3.1'. */
-    else if (c2Num) return true;
-    else if (c1Num) return false;
+    else if (n2) return true;
+    else if (n1) return false;
     else return c1 < c2;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/nar-accessor.cc b/src/libstore/nar-accessor.cc
index a9efdd0b6..784ebb719 100644
--- a/src/libstore/nar-accessor.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/nar-accessor.cc
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ struct NarAccessor : public FSAccessor
             parents.top()->start = pos;
         }
 
-        void receiveContents(unsigned char * data, size_t len) override
+        void receiveContents(std::string_view data) override
         { }
 
         void createSymlink(const Path & path, const string & target) override
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ struct NarAccessor : public FSAccessor
                 NarMember{FSAccessor::Type::tSymlink, false, 0, 0, target});
         }
 
-        size_t read(unsigned char * data, size_t len) override
+        size_t read(char * data, size_t len) override
         {
             auto n = source.read(data, len);
             pos += n;
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ struct NarAccessor : public FSAccessor
         return res;
     }
 
-    std::string readFile(const Path & path) override
+    std::string readFile(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath = true) override
     {
         auto i = get(path);
         if (i.type != FSAccessor::Type::tRegular)
diff --git a/src/libstore/nar-info-disk-cache.cc b/src/libstore/nar-info-disk-cache.cc
index 759342d84..2bf62e9c5 100644
--- a/src/libstore/nar-info-disk-cache.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/nar-info-disk-cache.cc
@@ -109,8 +109,10 @@ public:
                 SQLiteStmt(state->db,
                     "delete from NARs where ((present = 0 and timestamp < ?) or (present = 1 and timestamp < ?))")
                     .use()
-                    (now - settings.ttlNegativeNarInfoCache)
-                    (now - settings.ttlPositiveNarInfoCache)
+                    // Use a minimum TTL to prevent --refresh from
+                    // nuking the entire disk cache.
+                    (now - std::max(settings.ttlNegativeNarInfoCache.get(), 3600U))
+                    (now - std::max(settings.ttlPositiveNarInfoCache.get(), 30 * 24 * 3600U))
                     .exec();
 
                 debug("deleted %d entries from the NAR info disk cache", sqlite3_changes(state->db));
diff --git a/src/libstore/nar-info.cc b/src/libstore/nar-info.cc
index 7c5c8fdd1..4ea30bf47 100644
--- a/src/libstore/nar-info.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/nar-info.cc
@@ -46,14 +46,18 @@ NarInfo::NarInfo(const Store & store, const std::string & s, const std::string &
         else if (name == "FileHash")
             fileHash = parseHashField(value);
         else if (name == "FileSize") {
-            if (!string2Int(value, fileSize)) throw corrupt();
+            auto n = string2Int<decltype(fileSize)>(value);
+            if (!n) throw corrupt();
+            fileSize = *n;
         }
         else if (name == "NarHash") {
             narHash = parseHashField(value);
             haveNarHash = true;
         }
         else if (name == "NarSize") {
-            if (!string2Int(value, narSize)) throw corrupt();
+            auto n = string2Int<decltype(narSize)>(value);
+            if (!n) throw corrupt();
+            narSize = *n;
         }
         else if (name == "References") {
             auto refs = tokenizeString<Strings>(value, " ");
diff --git a/src/libstore/optimise-store.cc b/src/libstore/optimise-store.cc
index a0d482ddf..78d587139 100644
--- a/src/libstore/optimise-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/optimise-store.cc
@@ -126,16 +126,13 @@ void LocalStore::optimisePath_(Activity * act, OptimiseStats & stats,
        NixOS (example: $fontconfig/var/cache being modified).  Skip
        those files.  FIXME: check the modification time. */
     if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & S_IWUSR)) {
-        logWarning({
-            .name = "Suspicious file",
-            .hint = hintfmt("skipping suspicious writable file '%1%'", path)
-        });
+        warn("skipping suspicious writable file '%1%'", path);
         return;
     }
 
     /* This can still happen on top-level files. */
     if (st.st_nlink > 1 && inodeHash.count(st.st_ino)) {
-        debug(format("'%1%' is already linked, with %2% other file(s)") % path % (st.st_nlink - 2));
+        debug("'%s' is already linked, with %d other file(s)", path, st.st_nlink - 2);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -191,10 +188,7 @@ void LocalStore::optimisePath_(Activity * act, OptimiseStats & stats,
     }
 
     if (st.st_size != stLink.st_size) {
-        logWarning({
-            .name = "Corrupted link",
-            .hint = hintfmt("removing corrupted link '%1%'", linkPath)
-        });
+        warn("removing corrupted link '%s'", linkPath);
         unlink(linkPath.c_str());
         goto retry;
     }
@@ -229,10 +223,7 @@ void LocalStore::optimisePath_(Activity * act, OptimiseStats & stats,
     /* Atomically replace the old file with the new hard link. */
     if (rename(tempLink.c_str(), path.c_str()) == -1) {
         if (unlink(tempLink.c_str()) == -1)
-            logError({
-                .name = "Unlink error",
-                .hint = hintfmt("unable to unlink '%1%'", tempLink)
-            });
+            printError("unable to unlink '%1%'", tempLink);
         if (errno == EMLINK) {
             /* Some filesystems generate too many links on the rename,
                rather than on the original link.  (Probably it
diff --git a/src/libstore/parsed-derivations.cc b/src/libstore/parsed-derivations.cc
index e7b7202d4..c5c3ae3dc 100644
--- a/src/libstore/parsed-derivations.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/parsed-derivations.cc
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ bool ParsedDerivation::canBuildLocally(Store & localStore) const
         && !drv.isBuiltin())
         return false;
 
+    if (settings.maxBuildJobs.get() == 0
+        && !drv.isBuiltin())
+        return false;
+
     for (auto & feature : getRequiredSystemFeatures())
         if (!localStore.systemFeatures.get().count(feature)) return false;
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/path-info.hh b/src/libstore/path-info.hh
index 8c4791ac0..af84461b0 100644
--- a/src/libstore/path-info.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/path-info.hh
@@ -109,6 +109,6 @@ struct ValidPathInfo : PathReferences<StorePath>
     virtual ~ValidPathInfo() { }
 };
 
-typedef list<ValidPathInfo> ValidPathInfos;
+typedef std::map<StorePath, ValidPathInfo> ValidPathInfos;
 
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/profiles.cc b/src/libstore/profiles.cc
index ed10dd519..5d1723886 100644
--- a/src/libstore/profiles.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/profiles.cc
@@ -21,9 +21,8 @@ static std::optional<GenerationNumber> parseName(const string & profileName, con
     string s = string(name, profileName.size() + 1);
     string::size_type p = s.find("-link");
     if (p == string::npos) return {};
-    unsigned int n;
-    if (string2Int(string(s, 0, p), n) && n >= 0)
-        return n;
+    if (auto n = string2Int<unsigned int>(s.substr(0, p)))
+        return *n;
     else
         return {};
 }
@@ -214,12 +213,12 @@ void deleteGenerationsOlderThan(const Path & profile, const string & timeSpec, b
 {
     time_t curTime = time(0);
     string strDays = string(timeSpec, 0, timeSpec.size() - 1);
-    int days;
+    auto days = string2Int<int>(strDays);
 
-    if (!string2Int(strDays, days) || days < 1)
+    if (!days || *days < 1)
         throw Error("invalid number of days specifier '%1%'", timeSpec);
 
-    time_t oldTime = curTime - days * 24 * 3600;
+    time_t oldTime = curTime - *days * 24 * 3600;
 
     deleteGenerationsOlderThan(profile, oldTime, dryRun);
 }
diff --git a/src/libstore/realisation.cc b/src/libstore/realisation.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd74af4ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libstore/realisation.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#include "realisation.hh"
+#include "store-api.hh"
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+namespace nix {
+
+MakeError(InvalidDerivationOutputId, Error);
+
+DrvOutput DrvOutput::parse(const std::string &strRep) {
+    size_t n = strRep.find("!");
+    if (n == strRep.npos)
+        throw InvalidDerivationOutputId("Invalid derivation output id %s", strRep);
+
+    return DrvOutput{
+        .drvHash = Hash::parseAnyPrefixed(strRep.substr(0, n)),
+        .outputName = strRep.substr(n+1),
+    };
+}
+
+std::string DrvOutput::to_string() const {
+    return strHash() + "!" + outputName;
+}
+
+nlohmann::json Realisation::toJSON() const {
+    return nlohmann::json{
+        {"id", id.to_string()},
+        {"outPath", outPath.to_string()},
+    };
+}
+
+Realisation Realisation::fromJSON(
+    const nlohmann::json& json,
+    const std::string& whence) {
+    auto getField = [&](std::string fieldName) -> std::string {
+        auto fieldIterator = json.find(fieldName);
+        if (fieldIterator == json.end())
+            throw Error(
+                "Drv output info file '%1%' is corrupt, missing field %2%",
+                whence, fieldName);
+        return *fieldIterator;
+    };
+
+    return Realisation{
+        .id = DrvOutput::parse(getField("id")),
+        .outPath = StorePath(getField("outPath")),
+    };
+}
+
+StorePath RealisedPath::path() const {
+    return std::visit([](auto && arg) { return arg.getPath(); }, raw);
+}
+
+void RealisedPath::closure(
+    Store& store,
+    const RealisedPath::Set& startPaths,
+    RealisedPath::Set& ret)
+{
+    // FIXME: This only builds the store-path closure, not the real realisation
+    // closure
+    StorePathSet initialStorePaths, pathsClosure;
+    for (auto& path : startPaths)
+        initialStorePaths.insert(path.path());
+    store.computeFSClosure(initialStorePaths, pathsClosure);
+    ret.insert(startPaths.begin(), startPaths.end());
+    ret.insert(pathsClosure.begin(), pathsClosure.end());
+}
+
+void RealisedPath::closure(Store& store, RealisedPath::Set & ret) const
+{
+    RealisedPath::closure(store, {*this}, ret);
+}
+
+RealisedPath::Set RealisedPath::closure(Store& store) const
+{
+    RealisedPath::Set ret;
+    closure(store, ret);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+} // namespace nix
diff --git a/src/libstore/realisation.hh b/src/libstore/realisation.hh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b30bc3a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libstore/realisation.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <variant>
+
+#include "hash.hh"
+#include "path.hh"
+#include <nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp>
+#include "comparator.hh"
+
+namespace nix {
+
+struct DrvOutput {
+    // The hash modulo of the derivation
+    Hash drvHash;
+    std::string outputName;
+
+    std::string to_string() const;
+
+    std::string strHash() const
+    { return drvHash.to_string(Base16, true); }
+
+    static DrvOutput parse(const std::string &);
+
+    GENERATE_CMP(DrvOutput, me->drvHash, me->outputName);
+};
+
+struct Realisation {
+    DrvOutput id;
+    StorePath outPath;
+
+    nlohmann::json toJSON() const;
+    static Realisation fromJSON(const nlohmann::json& json, const std::string& whence);
+
+    StorePath getPath() const { return outPath; }
+
+    GENERATE_CMP(Realisation, me->id, me->outPath);
+};
+
+struct OpaquePath {
+    StorePath path;
+
+    StorePath getPath() const { return path; }
+
+    GENERATE_CMP(OpaquePath, me->path);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * A store path with all the history of how it went into the store
+ */
+struct RealisedPath {
+    /*
+     * A path is either the result of the realisation of a derivation or
+     * an opaque blob that has been directly added to the store
+     */
+    using Raw = std::variant<Realisation, OpaquePath>;
+    Raw raw;
+
+    using Set = std::set<RealisedPath>;
+
+    RealisedPath(StorePath path) : raw(OpaquePath{path}) {}
+    RealisedPath(Realisation r) : raw(r) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Get the raw store path associated to this
+     */
+    StorePath path() const;
+
+    void closure(Store& store, Set& ret) const;
+    static void closure(Store& store, const Set& startPaths, Set& ret);
+    Set closure(Store& store) const;
+
+    GENERATE_CMP(RealisedPath, me->raw);
+};
+
+}
diff --git a/src/libstore/references.cc b/src/libstore/references.cc
index d2096cb49..39c4970c6 100644
--- a/src/libstore/references.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/references.cc
@@ -55,27 +55,23 @@ struct RefScanSink : Sink
 
     RefScanSink() { }
 
-    void operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len);
+    void operator () (std::string_view data) override
+    {
+        /* It's possible that a reference spans the previous and current
+           fragment, so search in the concatenation of the tail of the
+           previous fragment and the start of the current fragment. */
+        string s = tail + std::string(data, 0, refLength);
+        search((const unsigned char *) s.data(), s.size(), hashes, seen);
+
+        search((const unsigned char *) data.data(), data.size(), hashes, seen);
+
+        size_t tailLen = data.size() <= refLength ? data.size() : refLength;
+        tail = std::string(tail, tail.size() < refLength - tailLen ? 0 : tail.size() - (refLength - tailLen));
+        tail.append({data.data() + data.size() - tailLen, tailLen});
+    }
 };
 
 
-void RefScanSink::operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len)
-{
-    /* It's possible that a reference spans the previous and current
-       fragment, so search in the concatenation of the tail of the
-       previous fragment and the start of the current fragment. */
-    string s = tail + string((const char *) data, len > refLength ? refLength : len);
-    search((const unsigned char *) s.data(), s.size(), hashes, seen);
-
-    search(data, len, hashes, seen);
-
-    size_t tailLen = len <= refLength ? len : refLength;
-    tail =
-        string(tail, tail.size() < refLength - tailLen ? 0 : tail.size() - (refLength - tailLen)) +
-        string((const char *) data + len - tailLen, tailLen);
-}
-
-
 std::pair<PathSet, HashResult> scanForReferences(const string & path,
     const PathSet & refs)
 {
@@ -92,9 +88,6 @@ PathSet scanForReferences(Sink & toTee,
     TeeSink sink { refsSink, toTee };
     std::map<string, Path> backMap;
 
-    /* For efficiency (and a higher hit rate), just search for the
-       hash part of the file name.  (This assumes that all references
-       have the form `HASH-bla'). */
     for (auto & i : refs) {
         auto baseName = std::string(baseNameOf(i));
         string::size_type pos = baseName.find('-');
@@ -129,10 +122,10 @@ RewritingSink::RewritingSink(const std::string & from, const std::string & to, S
     assert(from.size() == to.size());
 }
 
-void RewritingSink::operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len)
+void RewritingSink::operator () (std::string_view data)
 {
     std::string s(prev);
-    s.append((const char *) data, len);
+    s.append(data);
 
     size_t j = 0;
     while ((j = s.find(from, j)) != string::npos) {
@@ -146,14 +139,14 @@ void RewritingSink::operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len)
 
     pos += consumed;
 
-    if (consumed) nextSink((unsigned char *) s.data(), consumed);
+    if (consumed) nextSink(s.substr(0, consumed));
 }
 
 void RewritingSink::flush()
 {
     if (prev.empty()) return;
     pos += prev.size();
-    nextSink((unsigned char *) prev.data(), prev.size());
+    nextSink(prev);
     prev.clear();
 }
 
@@ -163,9 +156,9 @@ HashModuloSink::HashModuloSink(HashType ht, const std::string & modulus)
 {
 }
 
-void HashModuloSink::operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len)
+void HashModuloSink::operator () (std::string_view data)
 {
-    rewritingSink(data, len);
+    rewritingSink(data);
 }
 
 HashResult HashModuloSink::finish()
@@ -176,10 +169,8 @@ HashResult HashModuloSink::finish()
        NAR with self-references and a NAR with some of the
        self-references already zeroed out do not produce a hash
        collision. FIXME: proof. */
-    for (auto & pos : rewritingSink.matches) {
-        auto s = fmt("|%d", pos);
-        hashSink((unsigned char *) s.data(), s.size());
-    }
+    for (auto & pos : rewritingSink.matches)
+        hashSink(fmt("|%d", pos));
 
     auto h = hashSink.finish();
     return {h.first, rewritingSink.pos};
diff --git a/src/libstore/references.hh b/src/libstore/references.hh
index c2efd095c..4f12e6b21 100644
--- a/src/libstore/references.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/references.hh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ struct RewritingSink : Sink
 
     RewritingSink(const std::string & from, const std::string & to, Sink & nextSink);
 
-    void operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len) override;
+    void operator () (std::string_view data) override;
 
     void flush();
 };
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct HashModuloSink : AbstractHashSink
 
     HashModuloSink(HashType ht, const std::string & modulus);
 
-    void operator () (const unsigned char * data, size_t len) override;
+    void operator () (std::string_view data) override;
 
     HashResult finish() override;
 };
diff --git a/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.cc b/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.cc
index 2d02a181b..f43456f0b 100644
--- a/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.cc
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ void RemoteFSAccessor::addToCache(std::string_view hashPart, const std::string &
     }
 }
 
-std::pair<ref<FSAccessor>, Path> RemoteFSAccessor::fetch(const Path & path_)
+std::pair<ref<FSAccessor>, Path> RemoteFSAccessor::fetch(const Path & path_, bool requireValidPath)
 {
     auto path = canonPath(path_);
 
     auto [storePath, restPath] = store->toStorePath(path);
 
-    if (!store->isValidPath(storePath))
+    if (requireValidPath && !store->isValidPath(storePath))
         throw InvalidPath("path '%1%' is not a valid store path", store->printStorePath(storePath));
 
     auto i = nars.find(std::string(storePath.hashPart()));
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ std::pair<ref<FSAccessor>, Path> RemoteFSAccessor::fetch(const Path & path_)
                         throw SysError("seeking in '%s'", cacheFile);
 
                     std::string buf(length, 0);
-                    readFull(fd.get(), (unsigned char *) buf.data(), length);
+                    readFull(fd.get(), buf.data(), length);
 
                     return buf;
                 });
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ StringSet RemoteFSAccessor::readDirectory(const Path & path)
     return res.first->readDirectory(res.second);
 }
 
-std::string RemoteFSAccessor::readFile(const Path & path)
+std::string RemoteFSAccessor::readFile(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath)
 {
-    auto res = fetch(path);
+    auto res = fetch(path, requireValidPath);
     return res.first->readFile(res.second);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.hh b/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.hh
index 347cf5764..594852d0e 100644
--- a/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/remote-fs-accessor.hh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class RemoteFSAccessor : public FSAccessor
 
     Path cacheDir;
 
-    std::pair<ref<FSAccessor>, Path> fetch(const Path & path_);
+    std::pair<ref<FSAccessor>, Path> fetch(const Path & path_, bool requireValidPath = true);
 
     friend class BinaryCacheStore;
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public:
 
     StringSet readDirectory(const Path & path) override;
 
-    std::string readFile(const Path & path) override;
+    std::string readFile(const Path & path, bool requireValidPath = true) override;
 
     std::string readLink(const Path & path) override;
 };
diff --git a/src/libstore/remote-store.cc b/src/libstore/remote-store.cc
index 4f71d8120..be873cab5 100644
--- a/src/libstore/remote-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/remote-store.cc
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "finally.hh"
 #include "logging.hh"
 #include "callback.hh"
+#include "filetransfer.hh"
 
 namespace nix {
 
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ void write(const Store & store, Sink & out, const std::optional<ContentAddress>
 
 /* TODO: Separate these store impls into different files, give them better names */
 RemoteStore::RemoteStore(const Params & params)
-    : Store(params)
-    , RemoteStoreConfig(params)
+    : RemoteStoreConfig(params)
+    , Store(params)
     , connections(make_ref<Pool<Connection>>(
             std::max(1, (int) maxConnections),
             [this]() {
@@ -171,7 +172,8 @@ void RemoteStore::setOptions(Connection & conn)
 
     if (GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(conn.daemonVersion) >= 12) {
         std::map<std::string, Config::SettingInfo> overrides;
-        globalConfig.getSettings(overrides, true);
+        settings.getSettings(overrides, true); // libstore settings
+        fileTransferSettings.getSettings(overrides, true);
         overrides.erase(settings.keepFailed.name);
         overrides.erase(settings.keepGoing.name);
         overrides.erase(settings.tryFallback.name);
@@ -257,6 +259,9 @@ StorePathSet RemoteStore::queryValidPaths(const StorePathSet & paths, Substitute
     } else {
         conn->to << wopQueryValidPaths;
         worker_proto::write(*this, conn->to, paths);
+        if (GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(conn->daemonVersion) >= 27) {
+            conn->to << (settings.buildersUseSubstitutes ? 1 : 0);
+        }
         conn.processStderr();
         return worker_proto::read(*this, conn->from, Phantom<StorePathSet> {});
     }
@@ -408,10 +413,10 @@ StorePathSet RemoteStore::queryValidDerivers(const StorePath & path)
 
 StorePathSet RemoteStore::queryDerivationOutputs(const StorePath & path)
 {
-    auto conn(getConnection());
-    if (GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(conn->daemonVersion) >= 0x16) {
+    if (GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(getProtocol()) >= 0x16) {
         return Store::queryDerivationOutputs(path);
     }
+    auto conn(getConnection());
     conn->to << wopQueryDerivationOutputs << printStorePath(path);
     conn.processStderr();
     return worker_proto::read(*this, conn->from, Phantom<StorePathSet> {});
@@ -473,9 +478,14 @@ ref<const ValidPathInfo> RemoteStore::addCAToStore(
         worker_proto::write(*this, conn->to, references);
         conn->to << repair;
 
-        conn.withFramedSink([&](Sink & sink) {
-            dump.drainInto(sink);
-        });
+        // The dump source may invoke the store, so we need to make some room.
+        connections->incCapacity();
+        {
+            Finally cleanup([&]() { connections->decCapacity(); });
+            conn.withFramedSink([&](Sink & sink) {
+                dump.drainInto(sink);
+            });
+        }
 
         auto path = parseStorePath(readString(conn->from));
         return readValidPathInfo(conn, path);
@@ -604,6 +614,27 @@ StorePath RemoteStore::addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s,
     return addCAToStore(source, name, TextHashMethod {}, htSHA256, references, repair)->path;
 }
 
+void RemoteStore::registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info)
+{
+    auto conn(getConnection());
+    conn->to << wopRegisterDrvOutput;
+    conn->to << info.id.to_string();
+    conn->to << std::string(info.outPath.to_string());
+    conn.processStderr();
+}
+
+std::optional<const Realisation> RemoteStore::queryRealisation(const DrvOutput & id)
+{
+    auto conn(getConnection());
+    conn->to << wopQueryRealisation;
+    conn->to << id.to_string();
+    conn.processStderr();
+    auto outPaths = worker_proto::read(*this, conn->from, Phantom<std::set<StorePath>>{});
+    if (outPaths.empty())
+        return std::nullopt;
+    return {Realisation{.id = id, .outPath = *outPaths.begin()}};
+}
+
 
 void RemoteStore::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & drvPaths, BuildMode buildMode)
 {
@@ -851,8 +882,8 @@ std::exception_ptr RemoteStore::Connection::processStderr(Sink * sink, Source *
         else if (msg == STDERR_READ) {
             if (!source) throw Error("no source");
             size_t len = readNum<size_t>(from);
-            auto buf = std::make_unique<unsigned char[]>(len);
-            writeString(buf.get(), source->read(buf.get(), len), to);
+            auto buf = std::make_unique<char[]>(len);
+            writeString({(const char *) buf.get(), source->read(buf.get(), len)}, to);
             to.flush();
         }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/remote-store.hh b/src/libstore/remote-store.hh
index 0260e3221..ac857d6d9 100644
--- a/src/libstore/remote-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/remote-store.hh
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ struct RemoteStoreConfig : virtual StoreConfig
 
 /* FIXME: RemoteStore is a misnomer - should be something like
    DaemonStore. */
-class RemoteStore : public virtual Store, public virtual RemoteStoreConfig
+class RemoteStore : public virtual RemoteStoreConfig, public virtual Store
 {
 public:
 
@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@ public:
     StorePath addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s,
         const StorePathSet & references, RepairFlag repair) override;
 
+    void registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & info) override;
+
+    std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput &) override;
+
     void buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & paths, BuildMode buildMode) override;
 
     BuildResult buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
diff --git a/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.cc b/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.cc
index 552c4aac7..6bfbee044 100644
--- a/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.cc
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ class AwsLogger : public Aws::Utils::Logging::FormattedLogSystem
     {
         debug("AWS: %s", chomp(statement));
     }
+
+#if !(AWS_VERSION_MAJOR <= 1 && AWS_VERSION_MINOR <= 7 && AWS_VERSION_PATCH <= 115)
+    void Flush() override {}
+#endif
 };
 
 static void initAWS()
@@ -162,7 +166,8 @@ S3Helper::FileTransferResult S3Helper::getObject(
             dynamic_cast<std::stringstream &>(result.GetBody()).str());
 
     } catch (S3Error & e) {
-        if (e.err != Aws::S3::S3Errors::NO_SUCH_KEY) throw;
+        if ((e.err != Aws::S3::S3Errors::NO_SUCH_KEY) &&
+            (e.err != Aws::S3::S3Errors::ACCESS_DENIED)) throw;
     }
 
     auto now2 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
@@ -172,6 +177,11 @@ S3Helper::FileTransferResult S3Helper::getObject(
     return res;
 }
 
+S3BinaryCacheStore::S3BinaryCacheStore(const Params & params)
+    : BinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+    , BinaryCacheStore(params)
+{ }
+
 struct S3BinaryCacheStoreConfig : virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig
 {
     using BinaryCacheStoreConfig::BinaryCacheStoreConfig;
@@ -190,7 +200,7 @@ struct S3BinaryCacheStoreConfig : virtual BinaryCacheStoreConfig
     const std::string name() override { return "S3 Binary Cache Store"; }
 };
 
-struct S3BinaryCacheStoreImpl : public S3BinaryCacheStore, virtual S3BinaryCacheStoreConfig
+struct S3BinaryCacheStoreImpl : virtual S3BinaryCacheStoreConfig, public virtual S3BinaryCacheStore
 {
     std::string bucketName;
 
@@ -203,6 +213,10 @@ struct S3BinaryCacheStoreImpl : public S3BinaryCacheStore, virtual S3BinaryCache
         const std::string & bucketName,
         const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , BinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , S3BinaryCacheStoreConfig(params)
+        , Store(params)
+        , BinaryCacheStore(params)
         , S3BinaryCacheStore(params)
         , bucketName(bucketName)
         , s3Helper(profile, region, scheme, endpoint)
@@ -398,7 +412,7 @@ struct S3BinaryCacheStoreImpl : public S3BinaryCacheStore, virtual S3BinaryCache
             printTalkative("downloaded 's3://%s/%s' (%d bytes) in %d ms",
                 bucketName, path, res.data->size(), res.durationMs);
 
-            sink((unsigned char *) res.data->data(), res.data->size());
+            sink(*res.data);
         } else
             throw NoSuchBinaryCacheFile("file '%s' does not exist in binary cache '%s'", path, getUri());
     }
diff --git a/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.hh b/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.hh
index 4d43fe4d2..bce828b11 100644
--- a/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/s3-binary-cache-store.hh
@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-class S3BinaryCacheStore : public BinaryCacheStore
+class S3BinaryCacheStore : public virtual BinaryCacheStore
 {
 protected:
 
-    S3BinaryCacheStore(const Params & params)
-        : BinaryCacheStore(params)
-    { }
+    S3BinaryCacheStore(const Params & params);
 
 public:
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/sqlite.cc b/src/libstore/sqlite.cc
index 31a1f0cac..447b4179b 100644
--- a/src/libstore/sqlite.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/sqlite.cc
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@ void SQLiteStmt::Use::exec()
     int r = step();
     assert(r != SQLITE_ROW);
     if (r != SQLITE_DONE)
-        throwSQLiteError(stmt.db, fmt("executing SQLite statement '%s'", stmt.sql));
+        throwSQLiteError(stmt.db, fmt("executing SQLite statement '%s'", sqlite3_expanded_sql(stmt.stmt)));
 }
 
 bool SQLiteStmt::Use::next()
 {
     int r = step();
     if (r != SQLITE_DONE && r != SQLITE_ROW)
-        throwSQLiteError(stmt.db, fmt("executing SQLite query '%s'", stmt.sql));
+        throwSQLiteError(stmt.db, fmt("executing SQLite query '%s'", sqlite3_expanded_sql(stmt.stmt)));
     return r == SQLITE_ROW;
 }
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ void handleSQLiteBusy(const SQLiteBusy & e)
         lastWarned = now;
         logWarning({
             .name = "Sqlite busy",
-            .hint = hintfmt(e.what())
+            .msg = hintfmt(e.what())
         });
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/ssh-store.cc b/src/libstore/ssh-store.cc
index 08d0bd565..17c258201 100644
--- a/src/libstore/ssh-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/ssh-store.cc
@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ struct SSHStoreConfig : virtual RemoteStoreConfig
     const std::string name() override { return "SSH Store"; }
 };
 
-class SSHStore : public virtual RemoteStore, public virtual SSHStoreConfig
+class SSHStore : public virtual SSHStoreConfig, public virtual RemoteStore
 {
 public:
 
     SSHStore(const std::string & scheme, const std::string & host, const Params & params)
         : StoreConfig(params)
+        , RemoteStoreConfig(params)
+        , SSHStoreConfig(params)
         , Store(params)
         , RemoteStore(params)
         , host(host)
diff --git a/src/libstore/store-api.cc b/src/libstore/store-api.cc
index c2696f7a5..f470cfd99 100644
--- a/src/libstore/store-api.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/store-api.cc
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "archive.hh"
 #include "callback.hh"
 
+#include <regex>
+
 namespace nix {
 
 
@@ -382,12 +384,22 @@ bool Store::PathInfoCacheValue::isKnownNow()
     return std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < time_point + ttl;
 }
 
+std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> Store::queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path)
+{
+    std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> outputs;
+    auto drv = readInvalidDerivation(path);
+    for (auto& [outputName, output] : drv.outputsAndOptPaths(*this)) {
+        outputs.emplace(outputName, output.second);
+    }
+    return outputs;
+}
+
 OutputPathMap Store::queryDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path) {
     auto resp = queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(path);
     OutputPathMap result;
     for (auto & [outName, optOutPath] : resp) {
         if (!optOutPath)
-            throw Error("output '%s' has no store path mapped to it", outName);
+            throw Error("output '%s' of derivation '%s' has no store path mapped to it", outName, printStorePath(path));
         result.insert_or_assign(outName, *optOutPath);
     }
     return result;
@@ -538,6 +550,28 @@ void Store::queryPathInfo(const StorePath & storePath,
 }
 
 
+void Store::substitutePaths(const StorePathSet & paths)
+{
+    std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> paths2;
+    for (auto & path : paths)
+        if (!path.isDerivation())
+            paths2.push_back({path});
+    uint64_t downloadSize, narSize;
+    StorePathSet willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown;
+    queryMissing(paths2,
+        willBuild, willSubstitute, unknown, downloadSize, narSize);
+
+    if (!willSubstitute.empty())
+        try {
+            std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> subs;
+            for (auto & p : willSubstitute) subs.push_back({p});
+            buildPaths(subs);
+        } catch (Error & e) {
+            logWarning(e.info());
+        }
+}
+
+
 StorePathSet Store::queryValidPaths(const StorePathSet & paths, SubstituteFlag maybeSubstitute)
 {
     struct State
@@ -716,21 +750,6 @@ const Store::Stats & Store::getStats()
 }
 
 
-void Store::buildPaths(const std::vector<StorePathWithOutputs> & paths, BuildMode buildMode)
-{
-    StorePathSet paths2;
-
-    for (auto & path : paths) {
-        if (path.path.isDerivation())
-            unsupported("buildPaths");
-        paths2.insert(path.path);
-    }
-
-    if (queryValidPaths(paths2).size() != paths2.size())
-        unsupported("buildPaths");
-}
-
-
 void copyStorePath(ref<Store> srcStore, ref<Store> dstStore,
     const StorePath & storePath, RepairFlag repair, CheckSigsFlag checkSigs)
 {
@@ -767,8 +786,8 @@ void copyStorePath(ref<Store> srcStore, ref<Store> dstStore,
     }
 
     auto source = sinkToSource([&](Sink & sink) {
-        LambdaSink progressSink([&](const unsigned char * data, size_t len) {
-            total += len;
+        LambdaSink progressSink([&](std::string_view data) {
+            total += data.size();
             act.progress(total, info->narSize);
         });
         TeeSink tee { sink, progressSink };
@@ -896,19 +915,20 @@ std::optional<ValidPathInfo> decodeValidPathInfo(const Store & store, std::istre
         getline(str, s);
         auto narHash = Hash::parseAny(s, htSHA256);
         getline(str, s);
-        uint64_t narSize;
-        if (!string2Int(s, narSize)) throw Error("number expected");
-        hashGiven = { narHash, narSize };
+        auto narSize = string2Int<uint64_t>(s);
+        if (!narSize) throw Error("number expected");
+        hashGiven = { narHash, *narSize };
     }
     ValidPathInfo info(store.parseStorePath(path), hashGiven->first);
     info.narSize = hashGiven->second;
     std::string deriver;
     getline(str, deriver);
     if (deriver != "") info.deriver = store.parseStorePath(deriver);
-    string s; int n;
+    string s;
     getline(str, s);
-    if (!string2Int(s, n)) throw Error("number expected");
-    while (n--) {
+    auto n = string2Int<int>(s);
+    if (!n) throw Error("number expected");
+    while ((*n)--) {
         getline(str, s);
         info.insertReferencePossiblyToSelf(store.parseStorePath(s));
     }
@@ -1060,19 +1080,24 @@ Derivation Store::derivationFromPath(const StorePath & drvPath)
     return readDerivation(drvPath);
 }
 
-
-Derivation Store::readDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath)
+Derivation readDerivationCommon(Store& store, const StorePath& drvPath, bool requireValidPath)
 {
-    auto accessor = getFSAccessor();
+    auto accessor = store.getFSAccessor();
     try {
-        return parseDerivation(*this,
-            accessor->readFile(printStorePath(drvPath)),
+        return parseDerivation(store,
+            accessor->readFile(store.printStorePath(drvPath), requireValidPath),
             Derivation::nameFromPath(drvPath));
     } catch (FormatError & e) {
-        throw Error("error parsing derivation '%s': %s", printStorePath(drvPath), e.msg());
+        throw Error("error parsing derivation '%s': %s", store.printStorePath(drvPath), e.msg());
     }
 }
 
+Derivation Store::readDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath)
+{ return readDerivationCommon(*this, drvPath, true); }
+
+Derivation Store::readInvalidDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath)
+{ return readDerivationCommon(*this, drvPath, false); }
+
 }
 
 
@@ -1127,6 +1152,34 @@ std::shared_ptr<Store> openFromNonUri(const std::string & uri, const Store::Para
     }
 }
 
+// The `parseURL` function supports both IPv6 URIs as defined in
+// RFC2732, but also pure addresses. The latter one is needed here to
+// connect to a remote store via SSH (it's possible to do e.g. `ssh root@::1`).
+//
+// This function now ensures that a usable connection string is available:
+// * If the store to be opened is not an SSH store, nothing will be done.
+// * If the URL looks like `root@[::1]` (which is allowed by the URL parser and probably
+//   needed to pass further flags), it
+//   will be transformed into `root@::1` for SSH (same for `[::1]` -> `::1`).
+// * If the URL looks like `root@::1` it will be left as-is.
+// * In any other case, the string will be left as-is.
+static std::string extractConnStr(const std::string &proto, const std::string &connStr)
+{
+    if (proto.rfind("ssh") != std::string::npos) {
+        std::smatch result;
+        std::regex v6AddrRegex("^((.*)@)?\\[(.*)\\]$");
+
+        if (std::regex_match(connStr, result, v6AddrRegex)) {
+            if (result[1].matched) {
+                return result.str(1) + result.str(3);
+            }
+            return result.str(3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return connStr;
+}
+
 ref<Store> openStore(const std::string & uri_,
     const Store::Params & extraParams)
 {
@@ -1135,7 +1188,10 @@ ref<Store> openStore(const std::string & uri_,
         auto parsedUri = parseURL(uri_);
         params.insert(parsedUri.query.begin(), parsedUri.query.end());
 
-        auto baseURI = parsedUri.authority.value_or("") + parsedUri.path;
+        auto baseURI = extractConnStr(
+            parsedUri.scheme,
+            parsedUri.authority.value_or("") + parsedUri.path
+        );
 
         for (auto implem : *Implementations::registered) {
             if (implem.uriSchemes.count(parsedUri.scheme)) {
@@ -1180,9 +1236,6 @@ std::list<ref<Store>> getDefaultSubstituters()
         for (auto uri : settings.substituters.get())
             addStore(uri);
 
-        for (auto uri : settings.extraSubstituters.get())
-            addStore(uri);
-
         stores.sort([](ref<Store> & a, ref<Store> & b) {
             return a->priority < b->priority;
         });
diff --git a/src/libstore/store-api.hh b/src/libstore/store-api.hh
index dba6198eb..dcc9c7cbe 100644
--- a/src/libstore/store-api.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/store-api.hh
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "realisation.hh"
 #include "path.hh"
 #include "hash.hh"
 #include "content-address.hh"
@@ -176,25 +177,7 @@ struct StoreConfig : public Config
 {
     using Config::Config;
 
-    /**
-     * When constructing a store implementation, we pass in a map `params` of
-     * parameters that's supposed to initialize the associated config.
-     * To do that, we must use the `StoreConfig(StringMap & params)`
-     * constructor, so we'd like to `delete` its default constructor to enforce
-     * it.
-     *
-     * However, actually deleting it means that all the subclasses of
-     * `StoreConfig` will have their default constructor deleted (because it's
-     * supposed to call the deleted default constructor of `StoreConfig`). But
-     * because we're always using virtual inheritance, the constructors of
-     * child classes will never implicitely call this one, so deleting it will
-     * be more painful than anything else.
-     *
-     * So we `assert(false)` here to ensure at runtime that the right
-     * constructor is always called without having to redefine a custom
-     * constructor for each `*Config` class.
-     */
-    StoreConfig() { assert(false); }
+    StoreConfig() = delete;
 
     virtual ~StoreConfig() { }
 
@@ -356,6 +339,11 @@ protected:
 
 public:
 
+    /* If requested, substitute missing paths. This
+       implements nix-copy-closure's --use-substitutes
+       flag. */
+    void substitutePaths(const StorePathSet & paths);
+
     /* Query which of the given paths is valid. Optionally, try to
        substitute missing paths. */
     virtual StorePathSet queryValidPaths(const StorePathSet & paths,
@@ -380,6 +368,21 @@ public:
     void queryPathInfo(const StorePath & path,
         Callback<ref<const ValidPathInfo>> callback) noexcept;
 
+    /* Check whether the given valid path info is sufficiently attested, by
+       either being signed by a trusted public key or content-addressed, in
+       order to be included in the given store.
+
+       These same checks would be performed in addToStore, but this allows an
+       earlier failure in the case where dependencies need to be added too, but
+       the addToStore wouldn't fail until those dependencies are added. Also,
+       we don't really want to add the dependencies listed in a nar info we
+       don't trust anyyways.
+       */
+    virtual bool pathInfoIsTrusted(const ValidPathInfo &)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
 protected:
 
     virtual void queryPathInfoUncached(const StorePath & path,
@@ -387,6 +390,8 @@ protected:
 
 public:
 
+    virtual std::optional<const Realisation> queryRealisation(const DrvOutput &) = 0;
+
     /* Queries the set of incoming FS references for a store path.
        The result is not cleared. */
     virtual void queryReferrers(const StorePath & path, StorePathSet & referrers)
@@ -404,8 +409,7 @@ public:
     /* Query the mapping outputName => outputPath for the given derivation. All
        outputs are mentioned so ones mising the mapping are mapped to
        `std::nullopt`.  */
-    virtual std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path)
-    { unsupported("queryPartialDerivationOutputMap"); }
+    virtual std::map<std::string, std::optional<StorePath>> queryPartialDerivationOutputMap(const StorePath & path);
 
     /* Query the mapping outputName=>outputPath for the given derivation.
        Assume every output has a mapping and throw an exception otherwise. */
@@ -459,6 +463,18 @@ public:
     virtual StorePath addTextToStore(const string & name, const string & s,
         const StorePathSet & references, RepairFlag repair = NoRepair) = 0;
 
+    /**
+     * Add a mapping indicating that `deriver!outputName` maps to the output path
+     * `output`.
+     *
+     * This is redundant for known-input-addressed and fixed-output derivations
+     * as this information is already present in the drv file, but necessary for
+     * floating-ca derivations and their dependencies as there's no way to
+     * retrieve this information otherwise.
+     */
+    virtual void registerDrvOutput(const Realisation & output)
+    { unsupported("registerDrvOutput"); }
+
     /* Write a NAR dump of a store path. */
     virtual void narFromPath(const StorePath & path, Sink & sink) = 0;
 
@@ -508,17 +524,17 @@ public:
            explicitly choosing to allow it).
     */
     virtual BuildResult buildDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath, const BasicDerivation & drv,
-        BuildMode buildMode = bmNormal) = 0;
+        BuildMode buildMode = bmNormal);
 
     /* Ensure that a path is valid.  If it is not currently valid, it
        may be made valid by running a substitute (if defined for the
        path). */
-    virtual void ensurePath(const StorePath & path) = 0;
+    virtual void ensurePath(const StorePath & path);
 
     /* Add a store path as a temporary root of the garbage collector.
        The root disappears as soon as we exit. */
     virtual void addTempRoot(const StorePath & path)
-    { unsupported("addTempRoot"); }
+    { warn("not creating temp root, store doesn't support GC"); }
 
     /* Add an indirect root, which is merely a symlink to `path' from
        /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/<hash of `path'>.  `path' is supposed
@@ -593,6 +609,11 @@ public:
     virtual ref<FSAccessor> getFSAccessor()
     { unsupported("getFSAccessor"); }
 
+    /* Repair the contents of the given path by redownloading it using
+       a substituter (if available). */
+    virtual void repairPath(const StorePath & path)
+    { unsupported("repairPath"); }
+
     /* Add signatures to the specified store path. The signatures are
        not verified. */
     virtual void addSignatures(const StorePath & storePath, const StringSet & sigs)
@@ -607,6 +628,9 @@ public:
     /* Read a derivation (which must already be valid). */
     Derivation readDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath);
 
+    /* Read a derivation from a potentially invalid path. */
+    Derivation readInvalidDerivation(const StorePath & drvPath);
+
     /* Place in `out' the set of all store paths in the file system
        closure of `storePath'; that is, all paths than can be directly
        or indirectly reached from it.  `out' is not cleared.  If
diff --git a/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.cc b/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.cc
index 24f3e9c6d..cac4fa036 100644
--- a/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ namespace nix {
 
 UDSRemoteStore::UDSRemoteStore(const Params & params)
     : StoreConfig(params)
+    , LocalFSStoreConfig(params)
+    , RemoteStoreConfig(params)
+    , UDSRemoteStoreConfig(params)
     , Store(params)
     , LocalFSStore(params)
     , RemoteStore(params)
diff --git a/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.hh b/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.hh
index e5de104c9..ddc7716cd 100644
--- a/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/uds-remote-store.hh
@@ -14,15 +14,10 @@ struct UDSRemoteStoreConfig : virtual LocalFSStoreConfig, virtual RemoteStoreCon
     {
     }
 
-    UDSRemoteStoreConfig()
-        : UDSRemoteStoreConfig(Store::Params({}))
-    {
-    }
-
     const std::string name() override { return "Local Daemon Store"; }
 };
 
-class UDSRemoteStore : public LocalFSStore, public RemoteStore, public virtual UDSRemoteStoreConfig
+class UDSRemoteStore : public virtual UDSRemoteStoreConfig, public virtual LocalFSStore, public virtual RemoteStore
 {
 public:
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/worker-protocol.hh b/src/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
index b3705578e..f2cdc7ca3 100644
--- a/src/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/worker-protocol.hh
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "store-api.hh"
+#include "serialise.hh"
+
 namespace nix {
 
 
 #define WORKER_MAGIC_1 0x6e697863
 #define WORKER_MAGIC_2 0x6478696f
 
-#define PROTOCOL_VERSION 0x11a
+#define PROTOCOL_VERSION 0x11b
 #define GET_PROTOCOL_MAJOR(x) ((x) & 0xff00)
 #define GET_PROTOCOL_MINOR(x) ((x) & 0x00ff)
 
@@ -50,6 +53,8 @@ typedef enum {
     wopAddToStoreNar = 39,
     wopQueryMissing = 40,
     wopQueryDerivationOutputMap = 41,
+    wopRegisterDrvOutput = 42,
+    wopQueryRealisation = 43,
 } WorkerOp;