Revert "Revert "Use template structs instead of phantoms""

This is the more typically way to do [Argument-dependent
lookup](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl)-leveraging
generic serializers in C++. It makes the relationship between the `read`
and `write` methods more clear and rigorous, and also looks more
familiar to users coming from other languages that do not have C++'s
libertine ad-hoc overloading.

I am returning to this because during the review in
https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pull/6223, it came up as something that
would make the code easier to read --- easier today hopefully already,
but definitely easier if we were have multiple codified protocols with
code sharing between them as that PR seeks to accomplish.

If I recall correctly, the main criticism of this the first time around
(in 2020) was that having to specify the type when writing, e.g.
`WorkerProto<MyType>::write`, was too verbose and cumbersome. This is
now addressed with the `workerProtoWrite` wrapper function.

This method is also the way `nlohmann::json`, which we have used for a
number of years now, does its serializers, for what its worth.

This reverts commit 45a0ed82f089158a79c8c25ef844c55e4a74fc35. That
commit in turn reverted 9ab07e99f527d1fa3adfa02839da477a1528d64b.

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